{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:02:58Z","timestamp":1790744578309,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,21]],"date-time":"2017-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health Translational Pediatric Cancer Epidemiology Training","award":["T32CA099936"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32CA099936"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Blood &amp; Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since 1975, childhood cancer incidence rates have gradually increased in the United States; however, few studies have conducted analyses across time to unpack this temporal rise. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that increasing cancer incidence rates are due to secular trends in pregnancy characteristics that are established risk factors for childhood cancer incidence including older maternal age, higher birthweight, and lower birth order. We also considered temporal trends in sociodemographic characteristics including race\/ethnicity and poverty.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedure<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a time series county\u2010level ecologic analysis using linked population\u2010based data from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registries (1975\u20132013), birth data from the National Center for Health Statistics (1970\u20132013), and sociodemographic data from the US Census (1970\u20132010). We estimated unadjusted and adjusted average annual percent changes (AAPCs) in incidence of combined (all diagnoses) and individual types of cancer among children, ages 0\u20134 years, from Poisson mixed models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a statistically significant unadjusted temporal rise in incidence of combined childhood cancers (AAPC\u00a0=\u00a00.71%; 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.55\u20130.86), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (0.78%; 0.49\u20131.07), acute myeloid leukemia (1.86%; 1.13\u20132.59), central nervous system tumors (1.31%; 0.94\u20131.67), and hepatoblastoma (2.70%; 1.68\u20133.72). Adjustment for county\u2010level maternal age reduced estimated AAPCs between 8% (hepatoblastoma) and 55% (combined). However, adjustment for other county characteristics did not attenuate AAPCs, and AAPCs remained significantly above 0% in models fully adjusted for county\u2010level characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although rising maternal age may account for some of the increase in childhood cancer incidence over time, other factors, not considered in this analysis, may also contribute to temporal trends.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.26888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,21]],"date-time":"2017-11-21T12:22:47Z","timestamp":1511266967000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Do pregnancy characteristics contribute to rising childhood cancer incidence rates in the United States?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6089-6799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca D.","family":"Kehm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology &amp; Community Health University of Minnesota School of Public Health  Minneapolis Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa L.","family":"Osypuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology &amp; Community Health University of Minnesota School of Public Health  Minneapolis Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny N.","family":"Poynter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology &amp; Clinical Research Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Vock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota School of Public Health  Minneapolis Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Logan G.","family":"Spector","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology &amp; Clinical Research Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21219"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/91.12.1051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2012.102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17979-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/QQFF-86CM-8UVX-QMJW"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2014.09.013"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Births: final data for 2014","volume":"64","author":"Hamilton BE","year":"2015","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.6458"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.6361"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000342576"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318278d014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a5a332"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a7786d"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25593","article-title":"Birth order and risk of childhood cancer: a pooled analysis from five US States","volume":"128","author":"Behren J","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv341"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-06-0425","article-title":"Effects of maternal age and cohort of birth on incidence time trends of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"16","author":"Maule MM","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","volume-title":"SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975\u20132013","author":"Howlader N","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. VitalStats. Hyattsville MD: National Center for Health Statistics.http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/vitalstats.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program. SEER*Stat Database: Incidence\u2014SEER 9 Regs Research Data Nov 2015 Sub (1973\u20102013) <Katrina\/Rita Population Adjustment>\u2010 Linked To County Attributes \u2010 Total U.S. 1969\u20132014 Counties National Cancer Institute DCCPS Surveillance Research Program Surveillance Systems Branch released April 2016 based on the November 2015 submission."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2009.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20910"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 14","author":"StataCorp","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","unstructured":"MorgensternH.Ecologic studies. In:RothmanKJ GreenlandS LashTL eds.Modern Epidemiology.Philadelphia:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;2008:511\u2013531."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and childhood cancer incidence: a population\u2010based multilevel analysis","author":"Kehm RD","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/TGRR-L4MV-JMXC-HJKP"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23169"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"Trends in childhood cancer incidence in Wisconsin, 1980\u20131999","volume":"105","author":"Bandi P","year":"2006","journal-title":"WMJ"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Blood &amp; Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fpbc.26888","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pbc.26888","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T21:01:12Z","timestamp":1695934872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pbc.26888"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,21]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/pbc.26888"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pbc.26888","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1545-5009","1545-5017"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1545-5009","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-5017","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,21]]},"article-number":"e26888"}}