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This guideline provides treatment recommendations based on a literature review and collection of expert opinions, aiming to improve overall and event\u2010free survival of patients. Treatment options include fludarabine and cytarabine (FLA)\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO), azacytidine (AZA)\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0panobinostat, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Preferred approaches are AZA\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0panobinostat for cases with low blast count or FLA\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0GO for cases with high blast count, followed by HSCT after remission. Further research is crucial for the investigation of targeted therapies (e.g., BH3 mimetics, LSD1, JAK inhibitors).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.31141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T04:35:11Z","timestamp":1720154111000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Guideline for treating relapsed or refractory myeloid leukemia in children with Down syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Milica","family":"Miladinovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Goethe\u2010University Frankfurt  Frankfurt Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Reinhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Pediatrics III University Hospital Essen  Essen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Hasle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Aarhus University Hospital Skejby  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca F.","family":"Goemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess M\u00e1xima Center for Pediatric Oncology  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1520-7007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Tomizawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Leukemia and Lymphoma, Children's Cancer Center National Center for Child Health and Development  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1158-186X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johann","family":"Hitzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology\/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1070-0727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan\u2010Henning","family":"Klusmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Goethe\u2010University Frankfurt  Frankfurt Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375\u2010022\u201001613\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/BLOOD\u20102017\u201001\u2010765057"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470\u20102045(00)00435\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/SJ.LEU.2403814"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood\u20102011\u201003\u2010342774"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/BLOOD\u20102003\u201010\u20103383"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood\u20102013\u201007\u2010515148"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/BLOOD\u20102005\u201006\u20102448"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood\u20102011\u201004\u2010350017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/NG955"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2759"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/hematology.2022000395"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021012206"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00277\u2010015\u20102383\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375\u2010021\u201001157\u2010w"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","first-page":"1677","article-title":"Myelodysplasia and acute myelogenous leukemia in Down's syndrome. 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