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Random mutations and alterations to the genome led to the evolution of genes encoding enzymes, which would provide the periwinkle flower an arsenal of secondary metabolites to survive within the Madagascar ecosystem. Of the over 200 alkaloid compounds synthesized by the periwinkle, vincristine and vinblastine are the two most well\u2010known being used for chemotherapy treatments, including for children with ALL. The complexities of the multi\u2010step biosynthesis of vincristine and vinblastine, which has taken years to decode, highlight the importance of protecting the vast biodiversity on earth as other natural products that can save lives await to be discovered. This review addresses the discovery of vincristine and vinblastine, as well as the history of their existence, in nature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.31247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T09:22:03Z","timestamp":1723195323000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The evolution and history of\n                    <i>Vinca<\/i>\n                    alkaloids: From the Big Bang to the treatment of pediatric acute leukemia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2228-3235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey W.","family":"Taub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology Children's Hospital of Michigan  Detroit Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Wayne State University School of Medicine  Detroit Michigan USA"},{"name":"Molecular Therapeutics Program Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute Wayne State University School of Medicine  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven A.","family":"Buck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology Children's Hospital of Michigan  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3659-3798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana C.","family":"Xavier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology\/Oncology Department of Pediatrics University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Therapeutics Program Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute Wayne State University School of Medicine  Detroit Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Oncology Wayne State University School of Medicine  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry H.","family":"Matherly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Therapeutics Program Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute Wayne State University School of Medicine  Detroit Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Oncology Wayne State University School of Medicine  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yubin","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Therapeutics Program Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute Wayne State University School of Medicine  Detroit Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Oncology Wayne State University School of Medicine  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"The Chemotherapy Source Book","author":"Rowinsky EK","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749\u20106632.1958.tb54906.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"64","article-title":"Poisoning the spindle: serendipity and discovery of the anti\u2010tumor properties of the Vinca alkaloids","volume":"44","author":"Duffin J","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharm Hist"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"Poisoning the spindle: serendipity and discovery of the anti\u2010tumor properties of the Vinca alkaloids (Part II)","volume":"44","author":"Duffin J","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharm Hist"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"462","volume-title":"Green Medicine; 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