{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T10:10:18Z","timestamp":1790244618007,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U10CA180886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U10CA180886"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U10CA180899"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U10CA180899"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Blood &amp; Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over 90% of US children with cancer are treated at Children's Oncology Group (COG) centers, which seek to maximize enrollment in therapeutic and biobanking studies. Rare cancers have demonstrated lower than expected COG enrollment. We evaluated trends in COG rare cancer enrollment compared to US incidence from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries, examining the impact of COG therapeutic trials and Project:EveryChild, a cancer biobank\/registry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Procedure<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COG and SEER data from 2002 to 2020 were queried for US patients younger than 18\u00a0years old with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), retinoblastoma (RB), thyroid carcinoma, and melanoma. We compared demographic data between COG and SEER, extrapolating incidence for each cancer to analyze trends in COG enrollment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patient characteristics, including age, sex, and race, were similar between COG (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 2184) and SEER (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 5514). COG enrollment for rare cancers remained low (11%). Initiating Project:EveryChild did not increase enrollment (12% pre\u2010 vs. 8% post\u2010Project:EveryChild;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01). For cancers with available therapeutic trials (ACC, NPC, and RB), COG enrollment was higher during trial accrual (40%) than when no trial was open (12%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01). Patient geography and income did not appear as barriers to COG enrollment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although children with rare cancers enrolled in COG studies reflect the US population, enrollment in the COG registry\/biospecimen repository continues to be limited in the absence of therapeutic trials, impacting data and biospecimens available to inform therapeutic trial development. Expansion of therapeutic trials or free molecular testing through the Molecular Characterization Initiative may increase data and biospecimens for these rare cancers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.32164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T10:42:36Z","timestamp":1766745756000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Factors Associated With Rare Pediatric Cancer Trial Enrollment: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group Rare Tumors Committee"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5053-6511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian R.","family":"Englum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Surgery Department of Surgery University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Piao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Oncology Group  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Younis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Oncology Group  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5117-6191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reto M.","family":"Baertschiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Surgery Department of Surgery Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth Dartmouth Health Children's Hospital  Lebanon New Hampshire USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2304-4631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth S.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6277-0906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Christison\u2010Lagay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1713-3822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hetal","family":"Dholaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perth Children's Hospital WA Kids Cancer Centre The Kids Research Institute, and the University of Western Australia  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn","family":"Gartrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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