{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T05:00:00Z","timestamp":1791090000017,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,22]],"date-time":"2009-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1253577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phytochemical Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Introduction \u2013 Madder (<jats:italic>Rubia tinctorum<\/jats:italic>) has been used since ancient times as a source of pigments for dyeing and painting. Madder dyes are localised in roots and the native chemical population is composed of glycosiled and aglycone compounds. The aim of this study is to elaborate an efficient extraction process without any chemical denaturation of dyes.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Objective \u2013 To compare an optimised ultrasonic process, using for madder dye extraction, with two conventional procedures and to determine the efficiency of ultrasound on these vegetable matrix.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Methodology \u2013 Madder roots were extract in a methanol\u2013water mixture in 37\u2009:\u200963 (v\/v) for ultrasound and 80\u2009:\u200920 (v\/v) for reflux and agitation. HPLC\u2010PAD analyses showed the anthraquinone proportion for each extraction process and their denaturing effects. Finally, cytohistological observations were made to show the consequence of each process on the cell organisation in madder roots.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results \u2013 The results showed that the amount of extracted dyes was higher with UAE than with agitation and reflux. HPLC\u2010PAD analysis revealed that the anthraquinone composition differed according to the extraction procedure. The UAE extracts presented an important richness in terms of anthraquinonic compounds that suggests a preserving effect. Cytohistological observations showed that the main alterations concerned the cell walls of phloem. After UAE the walls exhibited numerous pitted areas reflecting an ultrasound\u2010induced cavitation that enhances the extraction effectiveness of this method.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusion \u2013 The study has shown the improvement of madder roots extraction both quantitatively and qualitatively using the efficiency of ultrasound\u2010assisted extraction in comparison with magnetic agitation and reflux techniques. Copyright \u00a9 2009 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.1150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,19]],"date-time":"2009-10-19T22:51:21Z","timestamp":1255992681000},"page":"484-490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Cytohistological and phytochemical study of madder root extracts obtained by ultrasonic and classical extractions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Cuoco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Mathe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Archier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"El Ma\u00e2taoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathy","family":"Vieillescazes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6690(97)00021-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2006.08.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Le monde en rouge: les Rubiac\u00e9es \u00e0 anthraquinones. Le monde des teintures naturelles","author":"Cardon D","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2007.05.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"La couleur de l'Avant\u2010garde russe. Etude de la caract\u00e9risation physico\u2010chimique de la mati\u00e8re picturale","volume":"318","author":"Cuoco G","year":"2008","journal-title":"Actualit\u00e9 Chimique"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2008.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(02)01412-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.694"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.800"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2007.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004250050568"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2509(97)00193-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2005.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2005.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2006.03.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-1425(97)00240-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(99)00085-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(02)00095-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2005.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(99)00980-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"230","volume-title":"Anthrachinonfarbstoffe. Handbuch der Naturfarb\u2010stoffe: Vorkommen, Verwendung, Nachweis","author":"Schweppe H","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bp010074u"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2005.11.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2007.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-4177(01)00071-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2007.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2008.01.014"}],"container-title":["Phytochemical Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fpca.1150","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pca.1150","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T11:38:17Z","timestamp":1761046697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pca.1150"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,22]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/pca.1150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pca.1150","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0958-0344","1099-1565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0958-0344","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-09-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-06-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-09-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}