{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:33:33Z","timestamp":1790224413993,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82304696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82304696"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phytochemical Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Frankincense is used for analgesic, tumor\u2010suppressive, and anti\u2010inflammatory treatments in Traditional Chinese Medicine but poses toxicological concerns. Vinegar processing is a common technique used to reduce the toxicity of frankincense.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and quality evaluation of raw and vinegar\u2010processing frankincense by multiple UPLC\u2010MS\/MS techniques. Additionally, we purposed refining the vinegar processing technique and identifying potentially harmful ingredients in the raw frankincense.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sub\u2010chronic oral toxicity studies were conducted on raw and vinegar\u2010processing frankincense in rats. The composition of frankincense was identified by UPLC\u2010Q\u2010TOF\u2010MS\/MS. Chemometrics were used to differentiate between raw and vinegar\u2010processing frankincense. Potential chemical markers were identified by selecting differential components, which were further exactly determined by UPLC\u2010QQQ\u2010MS\/MS. Moreover, the viability of the HepG2 cells of those components with reduced contents after vinegar processing was assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The toxicity of raw frankincense is attenuated by vinegar processing, among which vinegar\u2010processing frankincense (R40) (herb weight: rice vinegar weight\u2009=\u200940:1) exhibited the lowest toxicity. A total of 83 components were identified from frankincense, including 40 triterpenoids, 37 diterpenoids, and 6 other types. The contents of six components decreased after vinegar\u2010processing, with the lowest levels in R40. Three components, specifically 3\u03b1\u2010acetoxy\u201011\u2010keto\u2010\u03b2\u2010boswellic acid (AKBA), 3\u03b1\u2010acetoxy\u2010\u03b1\u2010boswellic acid (\u03b1\u2010ABA), and 3\u03b1\u2010acetoxy\u2010\u03b2\u2010boswellic acid (\u03b2\u2010ABA), inhibited the viability of HepG2 cells. The processing of frankincense with vinegar at a ratio of 40:1 could be an effective method of reducing the toxicity in raw frankincense.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our research improves understanding of the toxic substance basis and facilitates future assessments of frankincense quality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.3435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T22:07:04Z","timestamp":1722982024000},"page":"234-245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Chemical profiling and quality evaluation of raw and vinegar\u2010processing frankincense by multiple UPLC\u2010MS\/MS techniques"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Na","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Tianjin 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