{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T19:29:35Z","timestamp":1772998175002,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phytochemical Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Accurate discrimination of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Panax ginseng<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>P. quinquefolius<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>P. notoginseng<\/jats:italic>\n                      is crucial in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Distinct from conventional small molecule compounds (e.g., saponins, volatile oils), proteins, or polysaccharides, this study pioneers small molecular weight saccharide fractions (SMS) as a novel class of biomarkers for species differentiation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aimed to develop an SMS\u2010based method for distinguishing the three\n                      <jats:italic>Panax<\/jats:italic>\n                      plants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A simple and reproducible workflow was developed for obtaining natural SMS from the three\n                      <jats:italic>Panax<\/jats:italic>\n                      species through systematic optimization of ultrasonic extraction protocols and purification procedures. The chemical structures of three SMS were characterized by integrating non\u2010targeted HILIC\u2010ESI\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2010QTOF\u2010MS\n                      <jats:sup>E<\/jats:sup>\n                      with targeted HILIC\u2010ESI\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2010QTOF\u2010MS\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      analysis. SMS\u2010based fingerprinting of the three\n                      <jats:italic>Panax<\/jats:italic>\n                      species was constructed using HPAEC\u2010PAD, followed by multivariate statistical models (PCA, PLS\u2010DA, and LDA models) for species discrimination and cluster analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The optimal extraction conditions were identified as 60\u00b0C, a solid\u2013liquid ratio of 1:30, 50\u2009min duration, and 50% ethanol concentration. SMS with degrees of polymerization (DPs) 2 to 13 were identified, revealing preliminary structural differences among the three\n                      <jats:italic>Panax<\/jats:italic>\n                      species. The established HPAEC\u2010PAD fingerprinting combined with multivariate models (PCA, PLS\u2010DA, and LDA) enabled distinct species separation and achieved high classification accuracy, with successful prediction of external validation samples.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study presents the first integration of HPAEC\u2010PAD fingerprinting with multivariate statistical models for successfully discriminating three\n                      <jats:italic>Panax<\/jats:italic>\n                      species based on SMS, validating SMS as a reliable class of biomarkers for species identification and offering a distinct alternative to traditional markers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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