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We retrospectively analyzed single case studies that suggested organizational principles along the early visual pathway, which have remained unanswered until now. First case: <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>n spite of the inhomogeneity of sensitivity, paradoxically the visual field on the subjective level appears to be homogeneous; constancy of brightness of supra\u2010threshold stimuli throughout the visual field is claimed to be responsible for homogeneity; specific summation properties of retinal ganglion cells are hypothesized to guarantee this effect. Second case: <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">W<\/jats:styled-content>ith a brain\u2010injured patient having suffered a partial visual field loss it can be shown that color induction is a retinal phenomenon; lateral inhibitory processes at the level of amacrine cells are hypothesized as neural network. Third case: <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>n a patient having suffered a bilateral occipital lobe infarction, some functional recovery has been demonstrated; divergence and convergence of projection in the ascending neural pathway are suggested as a structural basis for recovery. Slowed down binocular rivalry discloses a sequential mechanism in the construction of a visual percept. Fourth case: <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>he pre\u2010wired projection of the retina to the visual cortex in spite of a severe squint of one eye is confirmed, but paradoxically some local neuroplasticity is also suggested. Fifth case: <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>sing habituation of local sensitivity in the visual field and its resetting by interhemispheric interactions as an experimental paradigm, it is suggested that spatial attention is controlled at the midbrain level. Sixth case: <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">O<\/jats:styled-content>bservations on residual vision or \u201cblindsight\u201d support the hypothesis that the visual cortex is the one and only structure responsible for visual perception on a conscious level. The unifying principle of these retrospective analyses is that subjective visual phenomena can lead to unexpected but testable hypotheses of neural processing on the structural and functional level in the early visual pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pchj.141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]],"date-time":"2016-09-29T10:42:45Z","timestamp":1475145765000},"page":"145-160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Seeing without knowing: <scp>O<\/scp>perational principles along the early visual pathway"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernst","family":"P\u00f6ppel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of 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