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Findings are relatively homogeneous compared to other psychiatric conditions with consistent evidence for differences, albeit small, relative to healthy controls in the structure and function of several frontal, parietotemporal, and striatal brain regions as well as their inter\u2010regional structural and functional connections. The functional deficits have been targeted with modern neurotherapeutics, including neurofeedback (using most commonly electroencephalography and more recently functional near\u2010infrared spectroscopy and functional MRI) and non\u2010invasive brain stimulation (such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, or external trigeminal nerve stimulation). Except for electroencephalography\u2010neurofeedback, the majority of neurotherapeutic studies have been relatively small, with very heterogenous research protocols and outcome measures and\u2014likely as a consequence\u2014inconsistent findings. Furthermore, most brain stimulation studies have tested effects on cognitive functions rather than clinical symptoms. So far, findings have not been very promising. Future studies require systematic testing of optimal protocols in large samples or homogenous subgroups to understand response prediction that could lead to individualized treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pchj.544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T18:48:04Z","timestamp":1648752484000},"page":"419-427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Neurotherapeutics for\n                    <scp>ADHD<\/scp>\n                    : Do they work?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Katya","family":"Rubia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry\/PO46, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; Neurosciences King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"S109","article-title":"A randomized controlled clinical trial of real\u2010time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback for adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"24","author":"Alegria A. 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