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Functional neuroimaging studies suggest the engagement of the basal ganglia (BG) and supplementary motor area (SMA). However, their functional relevance and arrangement remain unclear because non\u2010timing cognitive processes temporally coincide with the active timing. To examine the potential contamination by parallel processes, we introduced a sensory control and a motor control to the duration\u2010reproduction task. By comparing their hemodynamic functions, we decomposed the neural activities in multiple brain loci linked to different cognitive processes. Our results show a dissociation of two cortical neural circuits: the SMA for both active timing and motor preparation, followed by a prefrontal\u2013parietal circuit related to duration working memory. We argue that these cortical processes represent duration as the content but at different levels of abstraction, while the subcortical structures, including the BG and thalamus, provide the logistic basis of timing by coordinating the temporal framework across brain structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pchj.701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T01:20:51Z","timestamp":1702862451000},"page":"355-368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Parallel processes of temporal control in the supplementary motor area and the frontoparietal circuit"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2458-8115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuanyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences Peking University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Graduate School of Systemic 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