{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:33:26Z","timestamp":1791999206360,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PsyCh Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The OECD's first Survey on Social and Emotional Skills (SSES) in 2019 assessed 10\u2010 and 15\u2010year\u2010olds across ten cities, employing a framework of 15 skills organized into five dimensions aligned with the Big Five personality traits. While this adult\u2010derived model offers a parsimonious structure for measuring social\u2013emotional skills, its applicability to children and early adolescents across diverse cultural contexts remains largely untested. This study examined the structural validity of the SSES framework employing exploratory graph analysis (EGA)\u2014a network psychometrics technique using skill facets as nodes, regularized partial correlations as edge weights, and the walktrap algorithm for community detection. Drawing on self\u2010report data from 60,440 participants aged 10 and 15 across ten international cities, our analysis revealed that contrary to expectation, the hypothesized five\u2010factor structure did not emerge in any age group or city. Among 10\u2010year\u2010olds, skills remained largely undifferentiated or showed only preliminary clustering in most cities, suggesting developmental immaturity in functional organization. Among 15\u2010year\u2010olds, three to four distinct dimensions emerged, with significant cross\u2010city variation in composition. Developmental trajectories also differed culturally: Houston, Sintra, and Istanbul exhibited early\u2010but\u2010stagnant differentiation, while Suzhou showed rapid progression from undifferentiated to four\u2010dimensional structure. These findings identify key limitations in applying the SSES framework: (1) the pattern of conditional dependencies among skill facets violates the local independence assumption underlying the five\u2010factor model; (2) the organization of skills is not equivalent across ages: 10\u2010year\u2010olds show largely undifferentiated structures while 15\u2010year\u2010olds exhibit clearer differentiation; and (3) dimensional configurations vary substantially across cities, challenging assumptions of cross\u2010cultural universality. The results inform researchers and policymakers about the framework's limitations and highlight the need for age\u2010 and culture\u2010sensitive approaches to social\u2013emotional skills assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pchj.70108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T07:01:28Z","timestamp":1781679688000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploratory Graph Analysis Failed to Reproduce the Hypothesized Functional Zoning Framework in the\n                    <scp>OECD<\/scp>\n                    Survey on Social and Emotional Skills"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3103-4404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for International and Comparative Education &amp; Lab for Educational Big Data and Policymaking, Shanghai Normal University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3741-2693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for International and Comparative Education &amp; Lab for Educational Big Data and Policymaking, Shanghai Normal University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000226"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"CASEL.2020.\u201cCASEL's SEL Framework.\u201dhttps:\/\/casel.org\/casel\u2010sel\u2010framework\u201011\u20102020\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/psych3030032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christensen A. P. andH.Golino.2024.\u201cExploratory Graph Model.\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/zkdr4.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/zkdr4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","article-title":"The Igraph Software Package for Complex Network Research","author":"Cs\u00e1rdi G.","year":"2006","journal-title":"InterJournal, Complex Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19345747.2023.2279124"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i04"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000167"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"604","article-title":"Extended Bayesian Information Criteria for Gaussian Graphical Models","volume":"23","author":"Foygel R.","year":"2010","journal-title":"A Dvances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003\u2010066X.48.1.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000255"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000426"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022119873072"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031\u2010021\u201009922\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u2010295X.106.4.766"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","volume-title":"Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations","author":"Hofstede G.","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development","volume":"3","author":"Huitt W.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Interactive"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118286"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20103514.87.1.57"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/foc.2017.0000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203937068"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","unstructured":"Kankara\u0161 M. andJ.Suarez\u2010Alvarez.2019.\u201cAssessment Framework of the OECD Study on Social and Emotional Skills OECD Education Working Papers No. 207.\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/5007adef\u2010en."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207590544000068"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","volume-title":"Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights","author":"Kymlicka W.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaw5226"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187\u2010023\u201010074\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139028400"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2991\/978-2-38476-440-2_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.845492"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u2010295X.98.2.224"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19345747.2020.1831117"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.840"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.69.026113"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","unstructured":"OECD.2021.\u201cOECD Survey on Social and Emotional Skills: Technical Report.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.oecd.org\/education\/ceri\/social\u2010emotional\u2010skills\u2010study\/sses\u2010technical\u2010report.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0091732x16673595"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","volume-title":"The Psychology of the Child","author":"Piaget J.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7155\/jgaa.00124"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/eb028788"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","volume-title":"Finnish Lessons: What Can the World Learn From Educational Change in Finland?","author":"Sahlberg P.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.515313"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_577_23"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19485506221127483"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","unstructured":"Steponavi\u010dius M. 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