{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T10:05:12Z","timestamp":1753869912170,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PCN Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article introduces Shin Ihda's manifestation model of mood disorders. Ihda et al. reported eight cases of monozygotic twins with discrepancies in the onset and clinical presentation of mood disorders. The reports emphasize the prevalence of cyclothymic, melancholic\u2010type, and manic\u2010type personalities among the twins, as well as the differences in onset, clinical presentations, and course of the disorder, despite the twins being genetically nearly identical. Applying the twin study methodology, Ihda proposed the twins\u2019 developmental histories, personalities, and situations surrounding disorder onset as factors contributing to discrepancies in the clinical presentation and course of the disorder. Based on situation theory, he proposed a manifestation model of mood disorders, comprehensively explaining the development of a depression\u2010prone personality through growth stages, situations that lead to depression or mania, and the disorder progression process based on inherent temperament. The model assumes five possible pathways: the revelation of underlying mood instability in defenseless cyclothymic personalities; the collapse of the illusionary feeling of omnipotence in manic\u2010type individuals; the revelation of the need for objects in clinging individuals; the collapse of the illusionary feeling of integration with an authority figure through introjection in melancholic individuals; and neurosis. Ihda's insightful depiction of the specific interactions between genetics and environment has valuable implications for research and clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pcn5.70083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T04:00:35Z","timestamp":1742356835000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shin Ihda's \u201cmanifestation model of mood disorders\u201d based on situation theory and twin studies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9213-2873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kohei","family":"Echizen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Toranomon Hospital Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susumu","family":"Ohmae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Toranomon Hospital Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"The manifestation model of manic\u2010depressive psychosis; From the point of psychopathological twin study","volume":"15","author":"Ihda S","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pharma Medica"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","unstructured":"IhdaS YokoyamaT UekiHAnlage und Familie. 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