{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:09:16Z","timestamp":1790356156167,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21KC2002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21KC2002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PCN Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study examined the conditions of drug abuse and dependence as well as the psychosocial characteristics of patients transported to an emergency department for over\u2010the\u2010counter (OTC) drug overdose.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants were patients who presented to the emergency department due to an overdose of OTC drugs. Patients were evaluated using the Drug Abuse Screening Test\u201020 (DAST\u201020), Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), and an original questionnaire.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included 52 patients from four emergency medical facilities (20 males and 32 females) with a mean age of 23.6 years (standard deviation\u2009=\u200910.1). The DAST\u201020 indicated that 17 patients (32.7%) experienced moderate or severe drug abuse. The average score for suicide risk on the MINI was 23.7 (median: 27). The severity of OTC drug abuse and dependence significantly correlated with drug overdose history (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.44, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), OTC drug type (antitussives and expectorants) (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.36, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), experience with OTC drug abuse (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.53, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), overdose purpose (relief of distress) (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.41, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), and overdose purpose (suicide) (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.52, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). The severity of drug abuse and dependence was best predicted by the combination of experience with OTC drug abuse, an advisor, and suicidal purpose (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.53, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is crucial to investigate patient experiences with OTC drug abuse and their motivations and backgrounds for overdosing. Support for abuse and dependence should be provided in the early stages of treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pcn5.70181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T04:34:46Z","timestamp":1756528486000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dependence, abuse, and psychosocial characteristics of patients transported to the emergency department due to overdose of over\u2010the\u2010counter drugs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5924-979X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeko","family":"Kohara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Toxicology Saitama Medical University Hospital"},{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine and Trauma National Hospital Organization Disaster Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiko","family":"Takai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Toxicology Saitama Medical University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryoko","family":"Kyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Toxicology Saitama Medical University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Tokai University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidehito","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yokohama City University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4846-5037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masafumi","family":"Yoshimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Kansai Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshito","family":"Kamijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Toxicology Saitama Medical University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/yakushi.21-00147"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","article-title":"Eleven\u2010year trend of drug and chemical substance overdose at a Local Emergency Hospital in Japan","volume":"14","author":"Hashimoto T","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Guidelines for the regulatory assessment of medicinal products for use in self\u2010medication","volume":"14","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2000","journal-title":"WHO Drug Inform"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.657397"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4997"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.662"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/0227-5910\/a000545"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2022.2042013"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","first-page":"145","article-title":"Association between the current situation of adverse reactions caused by non\u2010prescription drug abuse and pateint backgrounds","volume":"20","author":"Niwa H","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jpn J Drug Inform"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"Nationwide Mental Hospital survey on drug\u2010related psychiatric disorders 2022, research on regulatory science of pharmaceuticals and medical devices, health, labour and welfare","author":"Matsumoto T","year":"2022","journal-title":"Policy Res Grants"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","unstructured":"ShimaneT S.Inoura M.Kitamura. 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