{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:50:00Z","timestamp":1785419400235,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PCN Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the self\u2010medication hypothesis, which posits that individuals experiencing greater psychological distress tend to engage in addictive substances and behaviors (ASBs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data from a public survey on addiction awareness. Psychological distress was measured using the K6 scale, and its association with the frequency of use of the nine ASBs was assessed. We also observed a tendency for the usage frequency to vary by age group across ASBs. Furthermore, a general linear model (GLM) was employed with usage frequency as the dependent variable, K6 scores and type of ASBs as independent variables, and age group as a covariate. Post\u2010hoc analyses were conducted for each ASB to explore specific associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher K6 scores were associated with increased usage frequency across all addictive targets, including shopping and Internet use, which are not formally recognized as medical disorders. Internet use, shopping, and prescription\/over\u2010the\u2010counter drug use appeared to show stronger associations with distress than alcohol use, suggesting that they may be more sensitive indicators of psychological burden. Age\u2010related patterns varied; younger individuals tended to engage more in gaming and internet\/Social Network Service (SNS) use, while older individuals showed higher frequencies of gambling\u2010related behaviors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight the need for addiction policies that address underlying psychological distress and incorporate age\u2010appropriate education and access regulations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pcn5.70216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T12:59:25Z","timestamp":1759409965000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The relationship between psychological distress and dependence on addictive substances and behaviors: A survey of public attitudes toward addiction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2562-291X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takako","family":"Nagata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health and Welfare Center, City of Yokohama Yokohama\u2010shi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Konishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health and Welfare Center, City of Yokohama Yokohama\u2010shi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","volume-title":"Global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare. Measures against addiction.https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/stf\/seisakunitsuite\/bunya\/0000070789.html. (2025). Accessed Sep 23 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agw002"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Epidemiology and social costs of alcohol use disorders","volume":"274","author":"Osaki Y","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Med. Tokyo"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62185-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","unstructured":"FY2013 health and labour sciences research Grant: Comprehensive study on measures against harmful use of alcohol based on WHO global strategy (principal investigator: Susumu Higuchi) (in Japanese)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","unstructured":"Current status of adult entertainment businesses and enforcement of related offenses in 2024 (Reiwa 6) (in Japanese). Security division community safety bureau National Police Agency."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","unstructured":"Questionnaire on the independence of the prize exchange from the pachinko parlor (in Japanese). Available from:https:\/\/www.shugiin.go.jp\/internet\/itdb_shitsumon.nsf\/html\/shitsumon\/a193398.htm. (2017). Accessed Sep 23 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2021.00041"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.70030"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.131.2.160"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.142.11.1259"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","volume-title":"Understanding Addiction as Self\u2010Mediation: Finding Hope Behind the Pain","author":"Edward J","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03351.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v40.1.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.141"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.06.091"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291702006074"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.257"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-018-9846-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-023-10195-1"}],"container-title":["Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pcn5.70216","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/pcn5.70216","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pcn5.70216","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T14:47:07Z","timestamp":1771166827000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pcn5.70216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/pcn5.70216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pcn5.70216","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2769-2558","2769-2558"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2769-2558","type":"print"},{"value":"2769-2558","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70216"}}