{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T15:11:59Z","timestamp":1771168319481,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PCN Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>It is important to identify the common fundamental disturbance (Grundst\u00f6rung) in schizophrenia and to elucidate its real nature. A fundamental disturbance refers to a primary disturbance underlying the pathology of schizophrenia and is defined as something that can explain various pathological conditions. However, these aspects have not yet been determined. We have investigated them using exploratory eye movements. In this article, we describe our discovery of a potent endophenotype (Part I), while our elucidation of the fundamental disturbance will be presented in the next report (Part II). Exploratory eye movements are movements of the eye fixation \u2010 point during free observation of objects. We found that these movements reflect an \u201cattitude to get involved voluntarily and actively in the environment,\u201d in other words, \u201csubjective activity.\u201d We also calculated the Responsive Search Score from exploratory eye movements recorded under conditions of interpersonal interaction and social recognition. This score was characteristically lower in patients with schizophrenia than in healthy individuals and patients with other psychiatric disorders. In addition, it reflected genetic predisposition to schizophrenia and was highly correlated with negative symptoms and the performance intelligence quotient on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale. Furthermore, the characteristics of the score with respect to genetic predisposition met all the criteria for an endophenotype. The Responsive Search Score appeared to be a potent marker for schizophrenia. Hence, we will elucidate the fundamental disturbance of schizophrenia by using this marker.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pcn5.70234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T08:57:15Z","timestamp":1763456235000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The fundamental disturbance (Grundst\u00f6rung) of schizophrenia (Part 1): Acquiring a potent endophenotype, exploratory eye movement"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3902-3157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuya","family":"Kojima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Corporation Hojinkai Ohmiya Kosei Hospital Saitama\u2010ken Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eisuke","family":"Matsushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shirogane\u2010Takanawa Clinic Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The ICD\u201010 classification of mental and behavioral disorders: Diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva Switzerland: World Health Organization;1993."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890010203"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.119.1.61"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","volume-title":"Schizophrenia genesis","author":"Gottesman II","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20020147"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2003.01073.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13138"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.10.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13188"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13553"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2009.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","volume-title":"Handbuch der Psychiatrie","author":"Bleuler E","year":"1911"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","volume-title":"Clinical Psychiatry Mayer\u2010Gross Slater And Roth L. Third edition Bailliere","author":"Slater Eliot","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","volume-title":"Grundst\u00f6rung: Encyclopedia of Psychiatry","author":"Nogami Y.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","volume-title":"La schizophr\u00e9nie\u2014psychopathologie des schizo\u00efdes et des schizophr\u00e8ne","author":"Minkowski E.","year":"1953"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Schizophrenic\u2010like states in cases of organic brain disease. Some considerations of diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia","volume":"63","author":"Tatetsu S","year":"1961","journal-title":"Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Die klinische differenzierung innerhalb der gruppe der schizophrenien","volume":"29","author":"R\u00fcmke HC","year":"1958","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1986.tb10594.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","volume-title":"Cognition and reality: Principles and implications of cognitive psychology","author":"Neisser U","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","volume-title":"Eyes and the mind\u2014Psychophysiological approach to psychiatric disorders through visual and ocular functions","author":"Shimazono Y","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","volume-title":"Eyes and the mind: Psychophysiological approach to psychiatric disorders through visual and ocular functions","author":"Kojima T","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12923"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.1972.tb01124.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","first-page":"387","article-title":"Visual perception process in schizophrenics and their relatives","volume":"19","author":"Moriya H","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","first-page":"523","article-title":"A study of eye movement in patients with chronic schizophrenia and in their relatives, using an eye\u2010mark recorder (author's transl)","volume":"81","author":"Moriya H","year":"1979","journal-title":"Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00038-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-014-0567-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Advanced analysis of free visual exploration patterns in schizophrenia","volume":"4","author":"Spreger A","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(96)00126-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2019.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(90)90035-Z"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","first-page":"768","article-title":"Visual perception process in amphetamine psychosis and schizophrenia","volume":"22","author":"Kojima T","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/18.1.85"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90211-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(98)00019-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02190255"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01450896"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2003.01143.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(00)00181-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1962.10.3.799"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/S0007125000291496"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","volume-title":"The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS)","author":"Spitzler RL","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/11167-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","volume-title":"Wechsler intelligence scale for children\u2014revised","author":"Wechsler D","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","first-page":"1479","article-title":"Neuropsychological investigation on the frontal function in chronic schizophrenia","volume":"14","author":"Kashima H","year":"1985","journal-title":"Jap J Clin Psychiat"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2008.01840.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.10046"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","unstructured":"YaraK TakahashiS TanabeE.Identification of predisposition to schizophrenia in patients with mood disorder by analysis of exploratory eye movements. J.Nihon Univ. Med.Ass. 1999;58:499\u2013508."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","first-page":"445","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia\u2014analysis using exploratory eye movements","volume":"102","author":"Kojima T","year":"2000","journal-title":"Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.5.581"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(97)01187-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","unstructured":"Hashimoto\u00a0R. Endophenotype. Brain ScienceDictionary. Brain Science Dictionary Committee Japan Neuroscience Society.http\/\/bsd.neuroinf.jp\/wiki\/endophenotype(2012)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004060170029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","unstructured":"Kraepelin E: Psychiatrie.Achte Auflage. Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth.1913"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn094"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(00)00242-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(90)90060-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2014.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.2.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp060"}],"container-title":["Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pcn5.70234","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/pcn5.70234","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pcn5.70234","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T14:47:59Z","timestamp":1771166879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pcn5.70234"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/pcn5.70234"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pcn5.70234","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2769-2558","2769-2558"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2769-2558","type":"print"},{"value":"2769-2558","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70234"}}