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The outcome was lifetime use of controlled drugs, including marijuana, solvents, methamphetamine, and new psychoactive substances. Predictors included demographic characteristics, substance\u2010related behaviors and attitudes, daily routines, and social relationships. Design\u2010weighted logistic regression was used to estimate the prevalence and assess associated risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The lifetime prevalence of controlled drug use showed a clear decreasing trend over the study period, declining from 0.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.4\u20130.5) in 2016 to 0.2% (95% CI: 0.1\u20130.2) in 2024. Similar downward trends were observed for all substances. While perceived drug access and permissiveness declined, tolerant attitudes toward marijuana slightly increased. Invitations to use drugs also became more common. Risk factors for controlled drug use included male sex, alcohol and tobacco use, permissive attitudes, drug invitations, irregular routines, school dissatisfaction, limited friendships, and poor family communication. The combination of multiple social risk factors, particularly when coupled with school dissatisfaction, social isolation, and limited parental consultation, significantly amplified the likelihood of drug use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This repeated cross\u2010sectional analysis indicated that lifetime use of controlled drugs among Japanese adolescents is rare and continues to decline. However, usage remains concentrated among students with overlapping behavioral and social vulnerabilities. Prevention strategies should therefore prioritize these at\u2010risk groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pcn5.70241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T10:42:23Z","timestamp":1762944143000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Trends in lifetime controlled drug use and associated risk factors among Japanese Junior High School Students: Findings from Nationwide Surveys, 2016\u20132024"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0644-1520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satomi","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Tokyo 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