{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T15:11:59Z","timestamp":1771168319525,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PCN Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Japan, drug\u2010related issues are diverse, and the use of cannabis and pharmaceuticals is rising. This study aimed to clarify the differences in clinical characteristics and treatment resource utilization by drug type.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data from 891 individuals from the 2024 Nationwide Psychiatric Hospital Survey, which comprised 368 who used methamphetamine or cannabis (illegal drug group) and 523 who used hypnotics, anti\u2010anxiety, or over\u2010the\u2010counter medications (pharmaceutical group). Clinical characteristics and use of treatment resources were compared by estimating risk differences and conducting logistic regression analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pharmaceutical group had more young women, individuals who engaged in self\u2010harm, and those with comorbid psychiatric disorders than the illegal drug group. The illegal drug group had more males and individuals aged 30 years or older, with many meeting criteria for dependence syndrome. Moreover, they showed significantly higher use of outpatient group therapy, self\u2010help groups, and rehabilitation facilities. In the logistic regression analysis, the pharmaceutical group was independently associated with female sex, self\u2010harm, and comorbid psychiatric disorders, and were less likely to use outpatient group therapy but more likely to have a history of psychiatric hospitalization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Illegal drug users more frequently accessed addiction\u2010specific services, whereas pharmaceutical users were more likely to receive psychiatric interventions. This suggests that pharmaceutical users have difficulty accessing traditional rehabilitation resources. Therefore, there is a need for a more comprehensive system that collaborates with general psychiatric care and offers flexible and tailored support.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pcn5.70277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T08:33:48Z","timestamp":1766478828000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical characteristics and treatment resource utilization among patients with substance use disorders: A comparative study of individuals who misuse pharmaceuticals and use illegal drugs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2286-8663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Usami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fukuoka Prefectural Psychiatry Center Dazaifu Hospital Fukuoka Japan"},{"name":"Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7076-2161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshihiko","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyoji","family":"Okita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Nakao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8906-6230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuya","family":"Shimane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2014.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14638"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16420"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.12716"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Justice JapanWhite Paper on Crime 2024[Internet]. Tokyo: Ministry of Justice; 2024 [cited 2025 May 21]. Available from:https:\/\/www.moj.go.jp\/housouken\/housouken03_00134.html"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","first-page":"1139","article-title":"A study on recent teenage\u2010patients with drug\u2010related psychiatric disorders in Japan: changes of the abused drugs and clinical features","volume":"62","author":"Usami T","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12035"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-022-00409-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","unstructured":"MatsumotoT UsamiT OkitaK NishimuraA YamamotoT TanibuchiY et al.2024Nationwide Survey on the Actual Conditions of Drug\u2010Related mental disorders in Psychiatric hospitals in Japan. Fiscal Year 2024 Health Labour Research Grant from the Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Regulatory Science Policy Research Project \u201cNational Survey on the Current Status of Substance Abuse and Dependence and Research on the Abuse of Cannabis and Other Substances Based on Recent Trends (Principal Investigator: Takuya Shimane)\u201d Research Report 99\u2010154 2025. 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Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2009 [cited2025Dec 20]. 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