{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T05:49:29Z","timestamp":1774590569217,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP21K02602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K02602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PCN Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous studies have documented a decline in the mental health of university students during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic; however, only a few studies have investigated the underlying causes. This study examined longitudinal changes in learning environments and physical and mental health among Japanese university students during the post\u2010pandemic period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The yearly survey on mental health and learning conditions between 2022 and 2023 involved 855 university students. The survey assessed the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale 6, the proportion of classes using digital technology, physical fatigue areas, and current health issues. The Wilcoxon signed\u2010rank test was used to compare changes in distress scores and digital class proportions between years. Distribution patterns were investigated using a chi\u2010square test, and factors related to mental health shifts were explored through multiple logistic regression analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean score for psychological distress increased from 3.0 to 3.3, whereas the median proportion of technology\u2010based classes decreased from 2.5 to 0.8 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Yearly comparison revealed less physical fatigue after classes across several body areas. The previous year's distress score was associated with later mental health decline. Further, factors including the share of technology\u2010based instruction, physical symptoms after classes, and time spent on health\u2010related activities were associated with both mental health improvement and worsening.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the coming year, health guidance for university students should reflect both physical and mental health needs, and shifts in learning approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pcn5.70304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T11:08:46Z","timestamp":1772968126000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mental health and educational environments of university students during the post\u2010Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic: A longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2753-0592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mika","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Service Center Aichi University of Education Kariya Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Service Center Aichi University of Education Kariya Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazutaka","family":"Ohi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine Gifu Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0879-4679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshiki","family":"Shioiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine Gifu Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249382"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","unstructured":"WHO. Mental Health and COVID\u201019: early evidence of the pandemic's impact Scientific brief March 2022 [cited 2023 May 5.] Available from:https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-2019-nCoV-Sci_Brief-Mental_health-2022.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2021.102973"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.863300"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006074"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.2.184"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.257"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.310"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","unstructured":"FurukawaTA OhnoY UdaH et al. A study on simple screening for mental disorders in the general population. FY2002 Health and Labour Sciences Research Grant (Special Research Project on Mental Health Issues and the Actual Conditions of the Infrastructure for Countermeasures) Research Collaboration Report (in Japanese)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","unstructured":"KawakamiN KondoK YanagitaK et al. A mental health study on suicide prevention measures in adulthood. FY2004 Health and Labour Sciences Research Grant (Mental Health Science Research Project) Subproject Report on \u201cResearch for the Promotion of Preventive Measures Based on the Actual Conditions of Suicide\u201d (in Japanese)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2011.02236.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","first-page":"08","article-title":"A study of the effects of COVID\u201019 on the mental health and counseling environment of university students","volume":"6","author":"Tanaka M","year":"2023","journal-title":"Jpn J Coll Ment Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-022-00759-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3991\/ijim.v15i08.20415"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","first-page":"163","article-title":"Perspectives on lessons from the COVID\u201019 outbreak for post\u2010pandemic higher education: continuance intention model of forced online distance teaching","volume":"11","author":"Dolenc K","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Educ Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su15032466"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZhangZ GillespieC. The impact of teaching and learning changes during the COVID\u201019 pandemic on the post\u2010pandemic era. 2023. Conference on Distance Education and Learning.dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3606094.3606116","DOI":"10.1145\/3606094.3606116"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00472395211047865"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40299-021-00588-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2023.104910"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1221333"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"Learning environment and health status","volume":"61","author":"Tanaka M","year":"2024","journal-title":"CAMPUS HEALTH"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare.2020. Summary of the survey results on mental health related to COVID\u201019 [cited 2023 May 5]. Available from:www.mhlw.go.jp\/stf\/newpage_15766.html(in Japanese)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/29970"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","unstructured":"The Ministry of Education Culture Sports Science and Technology.2022. Results of the FY2021 nationwide student survey (second pilot implementation) [cited 2023 May 5]. Available from:https:\/\/www.mext.go.jp\/content\/20221021-koutou01-000001987_1.pdf(in Japanese)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","unstructured":"The Ministry of Education Culture Sports Science and Technology.2023. Results of the FY2022 nationwide student survey (third pilot implementation) [cited 2023 Sep 5]. Available from:https:\/\/www.mext.go.jp\/content\/20230712-koutou02-000001987_1.pdf(in Japanese)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","unstructured":"The Ministry of Education Culture Sports Science and Technology.2023. Promotion of ICT\u2011enhanced education and the GIGA school initiative [cited 2025 Nov 20]. Available from:https:\/\/www.mext.go.jp\/a_menu\/shotou\/zyouhou\/index.htm#inpageLink7(in Japanese)."}],"container-title":["Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pcn5.70304","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/pcn5.70304","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pcn5.70304","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T04:07:27Z","timestamp":1774584447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pcn5.70304"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/pcn5.70304"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pcn5.70304","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2769-2558","2769-2558"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2769-2558","type":"print"},{"value":"2769-2558","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70304"}}