{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T09:50:37Z","timestamp":1782467437619,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005769","name":"National Institute for Environmental Studies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PCN Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to examine the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and habitual over\u2010the\u2010counter (OTC) drug abuse in a nationwide Japanese population and determine whether this association varies with other substance use behaviors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed nationwide cross\u2010sectional data and used multivariable logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for the association between ACEs and OTC drug abuse. We also examined whether this association varied by other addictive behaviors, including habitual use of combustible cigarettes, electronic cigarettes (e\u2010cigarettes), heated tobacco products (HTPs), alcohol, or illicit drugs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We analyzed 25,424 adults from the 2025 Japan Society and New Tobacco Internet Survey (Feb 23 to Mar 31, 2025). Habitual OTC drug abuse prevalence was 6.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.2\u20137.4). Individuals with high ACE exposure had significantly higher odds of OTC drug abuse than those with lower ACE exposure (aOR = 3.18, 95% CI: 2.47\u20134.10,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The association was particularly strong among users of e\u2010cigarettes (aOR = 27.14, 95% CI: 13.12\u201356.14) and HTPs (aOR = 6.88, 95% CI: 4.21\u201311.24). However, no significant interaction was observed among participants reporting illicit drug use (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.14).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ACEs were independently associated with habitual OTC drug abuse in this study. Similar associations were observed among individuals with other addictive behaviors, with higher odds indicating potential overlap in vulnerability pathways. These findings underscore the lasting impact of childhood adversity and the need for trauma\u2010informed strategies to prevent emerging substance abuse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pcn5.70354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T07:20:31Z","timestamp":1780384831000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between adverse childhood experiences and over\u2010the\u2010counter drug abuse in Japan: A nationwide population\u2010based cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9054-1692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhei","family":"Mori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry School of Medicine Fukushima Medical University Fukushima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Yoshioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health Shizuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Risa","family":"Shishido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry School of Medicine Fukushima Medical University Fukushima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3700-0322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mizuki","family":"Hino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disaster Psychiatry International Research Institute of Disaster Science Tohoku University Sendai Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry School of Medicine Fukushima Medical University Fukushima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsuko","family":"Nagaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Graduate School of Medicine Tohoku University  Miyagi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masataka","family":"Hatano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry School of Medicine Fukushima Medical University Fukushima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuto","family":"Hosogai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry School of Medicine Fukushima Medical University Fukushima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazusa","family":"Miyahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Graduate School of Medicine Tohoku University  Miyagi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Tabuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology School of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine Tohoku University  Miyagi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itaru","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry School of Medicine Fukushima Medical University Fukushima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1569-7819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuto","family":"Kunii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disaster Psychiatry International Research Institute of Disaster Science Tohoku University Sendai Japan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Graduate School of Medicine Tohoku University  Miyagi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.06.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.0039"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13464"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104127"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108563"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62634-7"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","article-title":"Eleven\u2010year trend of drug and chemical substance overdose at a local emergency hospital in Japan","volume":"14","author":"Hashimoto T","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2018.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","volume-title":"Survey of drug\u2010related psychiatric disorders in psychiatric facilities nationwide","author":"Matsumoto TUT","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","volume-title":"A national survey on drug abuse and dependence in Japan and recent trends in cannabis use","author":"Shimane TMT","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pcn5.225"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pcn5.70027"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12415"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12440"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.657397"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.70030"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20180116"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108327"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2024.108071"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","unstructured":"TsuboiS. Creating a Japanese version adverse childhood experiences score calculator. Grant\u2010in\u2010Aid for Young Scientists (B) Research Report 2012\u20132013."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About the CDC\u2010Keiser ACE study. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.257"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the UCLA Loneliness Scale Version 3 among the older population","volume":"15","author":"Masuda YTE","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Jpn Acad Commun Health Nurs"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","volume-title":"AUDIT: the alcohol use disorder identification test: guidance for use in primary health care","author":"Babor TF","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.310"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.2.184"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","first-page":"199\u2013224","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and subsequent substance abuse in a sample of sexual offenders: implications for treatment and prevention","volume":"11","author":"Levenson J","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vict Offenders"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106431"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2020-056257"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.142.11.1259"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws412"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2023.102462"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.03.017"}],"container-title":["Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pcn5.70354","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/pcn5.70354","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pcn5.70354","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T09:44:29Z","timestamp":1782467069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pcn5.70354"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/pcn5.70354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pcn5.70354","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2769-2558","2769-2558"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2769-2558","type":"print"},{"value":"2769-2558","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70354"}}