{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T09:50:24Z","timestamp":1782467424208,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PCN Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine temporal trends in past\u2010year substance use among Japanese high school students and their associations with daily time spent on internet activities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed pooled data from three nationwide repeated cross\u2010sectional surveys conducted in 2018, 2021, and 2024, including 142,567 Japanese high school students aged 16\u201318 years. Past\u2010year substance use (illicit drug and alcohol use and tobacco smoking) and daily time spent on internet activities (social networking services, online gaming, internet searching, video or music streaming, and online shopping or auctions) were assessed using self\u2010administered questionnaires. Associations between internet use and substance use were examined using survey\u2010weighted logistic regression models with restricted cubic spline functions to assess nonlinear patterns across exposure levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Past\u2010year illicit drug use remained rare across the survey years (0.1%\u20130.3%). Alcohol use declined from 14.7% in 2018 to 8.0% in 2024, whereas tobacco smoking decreased from 1.8% to 1.3%. For illicit drug use, probabilities remained low at lower exposure levels but increased at higher levels, most notably for online shopping or auctions. Regarding alcohol use, a longer time spent on all internet activities was associated with higher probabilities, with steeper increases observed for social networking services and online shopping or auctions at higher exposure levels. For tobacco smoking, positive associations were most evident with networking services, online shopping, and auctions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Activity\u2010specific patterns indicate heterogeneity in the associations between internet and substance use, highlighting the importance of considering the types of online activities alongside overall internet use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pcn5.70365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T09:57:05Z","timestamp":1781690225000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends in substance use and associations with internet use among Japanese high school students: A nationwide survey, 2018\u20132024"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0644-1520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satomi","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Kodaira Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Inoura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Kodaira Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing Niigata Seiryo University Niigata Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maki","family":"Kitamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Kodaira Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7076-2161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshihiko","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Kodaira Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunihiko","family":"Kitagaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Pharmacy Laboratory, School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences Hachioji Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Koide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regulatory Science Laboratory Yokohama University of Pharmacy Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Takehara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy National Centre for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8906-6230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuya","family":"Shimane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Kodaira Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15598276241245941"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1646746"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2025.00081"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11906-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 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