{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T10:05:18Z","timestamp":1753869918780,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PCN Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present article revisits the theoretical model of schizophrenia by Hiroshi YASUNAGA (1929\u20132011). Yasunaga restated ego disturbance in schizophrenia as the \u201cPattern Reversal\u201d between selfhood and otherness, based on British philosopher Wauchope's concept of \u201cpattern.\u201d This concept is meant as asymmetrical relatedness (A\/B) within a pair of concepts, such as life and death, quality and quantity, and self and other, prioritizing the former (A side) over the latter (B side). When applied to the pair of self and other, the pattern is vital for human experiences, and its disruption fundamentally alters every lived experience. Subsequently, Yasunaga extended the theory of pattern and invented his original \u201cPhantom Space Theory,\u201d in which he postulated \u201cPhantom Space,\u201d an experiential space that constitutes system <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic> (A\u2010side\u2010led and consciously determined distance) and system <jats:italic>a'<\/jats:italic> (B\u2010side\u2010dominated and extra\u2010consciously given distance). He then constructed a kind of neural system model composed of systems <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>a'<\/jats:italic>, and thereby schematically presented a novel viewpoint on experiences of self and the outside world. The theory further illustrated how the hypothesized imbalance (Phantom Space shrinkage or diminished elasticity of system <jats:italic>a'<\/jats:italic>) causes symptoms of schizophrenia, such as ego disturbances, auditory hallucinations, and other unspecific symptoms. This article then examines the clinical and theoretical implications of Yasunaga's psychiatric works. Phantom Space Theory is a non\u2010stigmatizing account of schizophrenia because it does not presuppose personal or existential causes of psychosis. The relationship between Phantom Space Theory and dual\u2010process theory is also explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pcn5.90","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T04:09:21Z","timestamp":1682654961000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Self\u2010disorder explained: Yasunaga's \u201cPhantom Space Theory\u201d on schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6778-9910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Kumazaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Service Center Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5540-8175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoki","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Nishigahara Hospital Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_18_2_1","first-page":"40","volume-title":"Themes and variations in European psychiatry: an anthology","author":"Schneider K","year":"1957"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_4_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.ICD\u201011 for mortality and morbidity statistics 2019. 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