{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T08:06:42Z","timestamp":1763366802295},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,21]],"date-time":"2005-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1132531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4342,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Prenatal Diagnosis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This prospective study investigates the relationship between insulin\u2010dependent diabetes and maternal serum levels of alpha\u2010fetoprotein (AFP), unconjugated oestriol (uE3), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). It also examines the potential impact on screening for Down syndrome. The population\u2010based cohort included 20 321 pregnant women in Maine who underwent routine serum screening for Down syndrome in the second trimester. The cohort included 52 women with insulin\u2010dependent diabetes. Maternal serum AFP levels are now routinely adjusted for insulin\u2010dependent diabetes. These adjustments, therefore, were made routinely in the diabetic women, but no equivalent adjustments were made for uE3 and hCG values. The initial false\u2010positive rate (using all three markers) among the women with diabetes was not significantly different from that in the non\u2010diabetic population (7\u00b77 and 5\u00b74 per cent, respectively). Prior to adjustment for insulin\u2010dependent diabetes, the median AFP level in the 52 women was 0\u00b773 multiples of the median (MOM); the median levels of uE3 and hCG were 0\u00b793 and 0\u00b798 MOM, respectively. When the uE3 and hCG levels were adjusted, the initial false\u2010positive rate was unchanged. Median serum levels of uE3 were significantly higher in the 33 women whose onset of diabetes was prior to 19 years of age (0\u00b799 MOM) than in the 19 women whose onset of diabetes was at age 19 or older (0\u00b784 MOM). This is the first population\u2010based study to investigate the relationship between diabetes and serum levels of AFP, uE3, and hCG, and confirms earlier observations from a case\u2014control study that found only slightly lower uE3 and hCG levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1970140112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,4]],"date-time":"2007-03-04T06:51:42Z","timestamp":1172991102000},"page":"65-68","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Human chorionic gonadotropin and unconjugated oestriol measurements in insulin\u2010dependent diabetic pregnant women being screened for fetal down syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Glenn E.","family":"Palomaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George J.","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Haddow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"a270","article-title":"Prenatal screening for Down syndrome using AFP, uE3, and hCG: effect of maternal race, insulin\u2010dependent diabetes and twin pregnancy","volume":"47","author":"Canick J. A.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)92410-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199208273270902"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(82)90788-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"a282","article-title":"Screening for Down syndrome using AFP, uE3 and hCG: effect of maternal weight","volume":"47","author":"Palomaki G. E.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palomaki G. E. Knight G. J. McCarthy J. Haddow J. E. Eckfeldt J. H.(1993). Maternal serum screening for fetal Down syndrome in the United States: a 1992 survey Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90436-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Report of the FBR\/CAP maternal AFP screening survey","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selenkow H. A. Varma K. Younger D. White P. Emerson K.(1971). Patterns of serum immunoreactive human placental lactogen (IR\u2010HLP) and chorionic gonadotropin (IR\u2010HCG) in diabetic pregnancy 20 696\u2013706.","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.20.10.696"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1979.tb10575.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.297.6653.883"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1992.tb14392.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.16.2.450"}],"container-title":["Prenatal Diagnosis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fpd.1970140112","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pd.1970140112","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T14:11:21Z","timestamp":1698156681000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pd.1970140112"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,1]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/pd.1970140112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pd.1970140112","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0197-3851","1097-0223"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0197-3851","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0223","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,1]]}}}