{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T23:53:00Z","timestamp":1770508380665,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,14]],"date-time":"2005-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1134518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3696,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Prenatal Diagnosis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this prospective descriptive cross\u2010sectional study was to examine the clinical significance of abnormal maternal serum human chorionic gonadotropin (MShCG) and alpha\u2010fetoprotein (MSAFP) in the second trimester of pregnancy. The study group comprised 8892 women with a singleton pregnancy, who were screened for a neural tube defect and Down's syndrome. Exclusion criteria were unknown pregnancy outcome, a congenital anomaly, delivery before 25 weeks of amenorrhoea, or known insulin\u2010dependent diabetes. MSAFP and MShCG were determined between 15 and 20 weeks' amenorrhoea. An abnormal result was defined as (a) MSAFP or MShCG \u2265 2\u00b75 MOM, (b) MSAFP or MShCG \u2265 0\u00b75 MOM, and (c) MSAFP and MShCG \u2265 2\u00b75 MOM. Birth weight percentiles and the duration of amenorrhoea at the time of delivery were employed as outcome parameters. Of the women with an abnormally elevated MSAFP, 9\u00b74 per cent had an extremely small\u2010for\u2010gestational age (SGA) infant (&lt;2\u00b73rd percentile; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b701, relative risk 4\u00b75), 27\u00b71 per cent had an SGA infant (&lt;tenth percentile; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b701, relative risk 2\u00b77), and 14\u00b73 per cent had an appropriate\u2010for\u2010gestational age (AGA) infant that was delivered preterm (&lt;259 days; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b701, relative risk 2\u00b74). In the cases where the MShCG level was elevated, 4\u00b74 per cent had an extremely SGA infant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b701, relative risk 2\u00b71) and 15\u00b75 per cent had an SGA infant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b701, relative risk 1\u00b75). No significant association was found between an elevated MShCG level and preterm delivery. Low MShCG was significantly associated with SGA infants (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b701, relative risk 1\u00b72) but not with extremely SGA or preterm deliveries. In the group whose MSAFP and MShCG levels were both elevated, 23\u00b78 per cent delivered an extremely SGA infant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b701, relative risk 10\u00b79), 38\u00b71 per cent an SGA infant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b701, relative risk 3\u00b77) and 47\u00b76 per cent had a preterm delivery or an SGA infant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b701, relative risk 3\u00b70). Isolated or combined elevation of the MSAFP and MShCG levels in the second trimester of pregnancy is an indication for extra vigilance during further prenatal care. This applies to a lesser extent to a low MShCG level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1970151109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,4]],"date-time":"2007-03-04T10:10:50Z","timestamp":1173003050000},"page":"1041-1046","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Abnormal levels of maternal serum human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha\u2010fetoprotein in the second trimester: Relation to fetal weight and preterm delivery"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"L. P.","family":"Morssink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. H.","family":"Kornman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. R.","family":"Beekhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B. T. H. M.","family":"de Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Mantingh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1970120804"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(83)91091-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"71","article-title":"Elevated maternal serum alpha\u2010fetoprotein: association with placental sonolucencies, fetomaternal hemorrhage, vaginal bleeding, and pregnancy outcome in the absence of fetal anomalies","volume":"79","author":"Bernstein I. M.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Obstet. 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