{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T07:02:18Z","timestamp":1765609338692},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,14]],"date-time":"2005-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1134518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3696,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Prenatal Diagnosis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A new method is described for calculating maternal serum marker distribution parameters which will improve risk estimation when screening for Down's syndrome. The approach is to calculate parameters using data from the local screened population and data obtained by meta\u2010analysis from all published studies. The local data are used to derive the variance and covariance in unaffected pregnancies. The meta\u2010analysis is used for the mean level in Down's syndrome pregnancies together with the differences in variance and covariance between affected and unaffected pregnancies. Forty\u2010four published studies were analysed. The mean level for Down's syndrome in multiples of the normal median was 0\u00b773 for alpha\u2010fetoprotein (AFP) in total of 1140 pregnancies, 0\u00b773 for unconjugated oestriol (uE<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) in 613, 2\u00b702 for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in 850, and 2\u00b730 for free \u03b2\u2010hCG in 477. For all four markers, the variance in Down's syndrome was higher than in unaffected pregnancies; for AFP and uE<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, the covariances were also higher in Down's syndrome, but for the other markers they were lower. The method was illustrated using data from 6387 pregnancies screened in Leeds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1970151111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,4]],"date-time":"2007-03-04T10:10:50Z","timestamp":1173003050000},"page":"1057-1065","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Improved parameters for risk estimation in Down's syndrome screening"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Howard","family":"Cuckle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"570","article-title":"Free \u03b2\u2010hCG and prenatal screening for chromosome abnormalities","volume":"28","author":"Crossley J. A.","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Med. 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