{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T12:34:33Z","timestamp":1767962073281,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,17]],"date-time":"2012-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1334620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Prenatal Diagnosis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Renal dysplasia and obstructive uropathy are more common in males and are associated with an increased tubular loss of electrolytes. We aimed to compare the midtrimester concentration of tubular parameters in the prenatal period between healthy male and female fetuses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Amniotic fluid was collected at 16\u2009weeks of gestation at the time of genetic amniocentesis. The concentration of sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphate, magnesium, \u03b11\u2010microglobulin, creatinine and urea was determined in the amniotic fluid of 92 male and 108 female fetuses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The concentration of sodium, chloride and calcium was not significantly higher in male than in female fetuses. In contrast, the concentration of potassium (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01), phosphate (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04), magnesium (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04) and \u03b11\u2010microglobulin (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04) was significantly increased in the amniotic fluid of male fetuses. The concentration of electrolytes correlated to the concentration of creatinine, urea and \u03b11\u2010microglobulin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The concentration of specific tubular parameters in the amniotic fluid was higher in male compared with female fetuses. Whether this might point to sex\u2010specific differences in tubular function in second trimester fetuses or reflect glomerular filtration or other interfering factors remains speculative. \u00a9 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.3846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,18]],"date-time":"2012-04-18T03:51:08Z","timestamp":1334721068000},"page":"476-479","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sex\u2010specific differences in the concentration of tubular parameters in the amniotic fluid of second trimester fetuses"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Anja","family":"Tzschoppe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine University of Erlangen\u2010Nuremberg  Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Rauh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine University of Erlangen\u2010Nuremberg  Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamme W.","family":"Goecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology University of Erlangen\u2010Nuremberg  Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Britta","family":"Yazdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology St\u00e4dtisches Klinikum M\u00fcnchen  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rn","family":"Siemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology Ludmillenstift Meppen  Meppen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralf L.","family":"Schild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology Diakonische Dienste Hannover  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"D\u00f6tsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine University of Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","article-title":"Demography and management of childhood established renal failure in the UK (chapter 13)","volume":"22","author":"Lewis M","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00413.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000020657"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","first-page":"813","article-title":"Fetal urinary biochemistry predicts postnatal renal function in children with bilateral obstructive uropathies","volume":"82","author":"Muller F","year":"1993","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(94)70235-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1074"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.212"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1360"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1810"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/42.11.1855"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90026-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0223(199604)16:4<299::AID-PD844>3.0.CO;2-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181ca038d"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000098719"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1023283"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","first-page":"163","article-title":"Vaginal ultrasonography in the first trimester. 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