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Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the wide phenotype: chromosomal rearrangements, risk and protective alleles, environmental\u2010induced epigenetic alterations as well as gene\u2010environment interactions are all involved. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of PAE can provide tools for prevention or intervention of the alcohol\u2010induced developmental disorders in the future. By revealing the alcohol\u2010induced genetic and epigenetic alterations which associate with the variable FASD phenotypes, it is possible to identify biomarkers for the disorder. 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