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The mean gestational age of prenatal imaging was 24.2\u00a0weeks, in 17% the head circumference was \u2264fifth percentile and in 25% the cerebellar diameter was \u2264fifth percentile. US findings included banana sign in 17%, and lemon sign in 33%. On MRI, posterior fossa anomalies were seen in 33% of cases, with hindbrain herniation below the foramen magnum in two cases. Mean clivus\u2010supraocciput angle (CSA) was 74\u00b0. Additional anomalies outside the CNS were observed in 50%. Abnormal foot position was demonstrated prenatally in 17%. Neurogenic bladder was present in 90% of patients after birth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Arnold Chiari II malformation and impaired motor function can be present on prenatal imaging of fetuses with CD and may be associated with a specific type of CD. Prenatal distinction of CD can be challenging. Associated extra CNS anomalies are frequent and the rate of neurogenic urinary tract dysfunction is high.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.6454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T06:27:56Z","timestamp":1701152876000},"page":"499-510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Prenatal diagnosis and postnatal outcome of closed spinal dysraphism"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7688-5357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivonne","family":"Bedei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy Justus\u2010Liebig University  Giessen Germany"},{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Division of Fetal Therapy and Surgery and Texas Children's Hospital Fetal Center  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"Edward B. 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