{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T12:34:43Z","timestamp":1785760483969,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Prenatal Diagnosis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe postnatal outcome following the prenatal diagnosis of an abnormal fetal gallbladder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a systematic review of studies from January 1980 to January 2023 that described FGB abnormalities, which included agenesis or non\u2010visualisation, abnormal content presence of sludge, abnormal shape or size and abnormal position, and postnatal outcome to determine the association with pathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In 51 studies, 842 fetuses had abnormal FGB. Non\u2010visualisation of the FGB was the most common diagnosis (521 fetuses, mean gestational age 21.6\u00a0weeks, range 14\u201329). The FGB was subsequently visualised prenatally in 128 out of 521 cases (24.6%; 95% CI, 20.9%\u201328.3%). Of the 393 cases with persistent FGB non\u2010visualisation (75.4%; 95% CI, 71.7\u201379.1), 48 cases (12.2%; 95% CI, 9.0\u201315.5) underwent termination of pregnancy (TOP) with FGB agenesis confirmed in 16 out of 26 fetuses that had a postmortem examination (61.5%; 95% CI, 42.8\u201380.2). After excluding cases with missing outcomes (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0121), postnatal ultrasound was performed in 82.4% of cases with persistent non\u2010visualised FGB (224\/272; 95% CI, 77.8%\u201386.9%). The gallbladder was not visualised in 63.4% (142\/224; 95% CI, 57.1\u201369.7), confirming GB agenesis. This was an isolated finding in 41.1% of cases (92\/224; 95% CI, 34.6\u201347.5). Of 272 known outcomes, biliary atresia, cystic fibrosis, and structural or chromosomal abnormalities were diagnosed in 8.5% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a023), 12.5% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a034), 18.0% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a049) and 6.3% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a017) cases, respectively. The sensitivity (true positive rate) of ultrasound for GB agenesis in fetuses with persistently non\u2010visualised FGB was 58.1% (158\/272; 95% CI, 52.2%\u201364.0%). Fetal gallbladder stones\/sludge were described in 100 fetuses mainly in the third trimester of pregnancy (mean gestational age 33.8\u00a0weeks). Resolution of postnatally followed up cases occurred in around one\u2010third of the cases (37.3%) within 1\u00a0month after birth. There was a low reported association with severe conditions (2%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review and meta\u2010analysis found that when the fetal gallbladder was absent in mid\u2010trimester, it was visualised in subsequent fetal ultrasound examinations in around 25% of cases. If persistently absent on prenatal ultrasound, the confirmed rate of GB agenesis was around 50%, with the neonates having biliary atresia, cystic fibrosis, or structural abnormalities. Because of the association with severe conditions, if persistent FGB agenesis is suspected, prenatal diagnosis should be offered. FGB abnormalities such as stones\/sludge tended to resolve by 1\u00a0year of age with around half of all cases resolving by 1\u00a0month postnatal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.6719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T22:55:04Z","timestamp":1734648904000},"page":"185-195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Postnatal Outcome After Ultrasound Findings of an Abnormal Fetal Gallbladder: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9917-776X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Desislava","family":"Markova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Burjeel Hospital Fetal Medicine Unit  Abu Dhabi UAE"},{"name":"Fetal Medicine Unit Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Wing University College Hospital  London UK"},{"name":"Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0727-2282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsvetomira","family":"Markova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khoula Hospital Wattayah Health Center Muscat  Muscat Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7897-3799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pranav","family":"Pandya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fetal Medicine Unit Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Wing University College Hospital  London UK"},{"name":"Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0199-6140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna L.","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fetal Medicine Unit Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Wing University College Hospital  London UK"},{"name":"Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health University College London  London UK"},{"name":"NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1970130909"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","first-page":"369","article-title":"Congenital Absence of the Gallbladder: A Statistical Study","volume":"32","author":"Monroe S. 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