{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:43:19Z","timestamp":1791265399031,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,15]],"date-time":"2006-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1147651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ESAC project (European Study on Antibiotic Consumption) aims to collect antibiotic\u2010use data through a European network of national surveillance systems. This paper reports on the retrospective data collection in ambulatory care for the period 1997\u20132002.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Valid data of antibiotic consumption of 24 European countries for 2002 and of 18 countries for the entire 6\u2010year period was classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification (ATC) and expressed in defined daily dose (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID). Overall and subgroup comparison of antibiotic consumption over time as well as between geographical clusters was performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Total use of antibiotics in Europe remained at a median level of 20 DID in the period 1997\u20132002 with a wide variation between countries ranging from 9.8 DID in The Netherlands to 32.2 DID in France. A substantial increase in subclass consumption of co\u2010amoxiclav and fluoroquinolones was noted while the use of narrow\u2010spectrum penicillins, erythromycin, quinolones and sulfonamides decreased. Total consumption as well as seasonal fluctuations showed remarkable geographical clustering with low consumption and low variation between summer and winter in the North, high consumption patterns in the South and a mixed model in the East.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Within the ESAC project, valid time series of antibiotic\u2010use data are publicly available now, enabling to improve the study of determinants of use, the evaluation of governmental antibiotic consumption policies and the investigation of the associated emergence of antibiotic resistance. Copyright \u00a9 2006 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,15]],"date-time":"2006-05-15T09:01:00Z","timestamp":1147683660000},"page":"115-123","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Antibiotic use in ambulatory care in Europe (ESAC data 1997\u20132002): trends, regional differences and seasonal fluctuations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Monique M.","family":"Elseviers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matus","family":"Ferech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Vander Stichele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herman","family":"Goossens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the ESAC project group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkf239","article-title":"Antibiotic prescribing in general practice: striking differences between Italy (Ravenna) and Denmark (Funen)","volume":"50","author":"Vaccheri A","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04972-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"843","article-title":"Problems in collecting comparable national drug use data in Europe: the example of antibacterials","volume":"58","author":"Ronning M","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Council recommendation of 15 November 2001 on the prudent use of antimicrobial agents in medicine","volume":"45","year":"2002","journal-title":"Official Journal of the European Communities L34"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17907-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","volume-title":"The anatomical therapeutic chemical classification system with defined daily doses (ATC\/DDD)","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2004.02164.x"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","first-page":"603","article-title":"[Influenza and influenza\u2010like acute respiratory diseases in Slovakia in the 1999\u20102000 season]","volume":"101","author":"Kristufkova Z","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bratisl Lek Listy"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","first-page":"49","article-title":"[Influenza in Poland in 1999]","volume":"55","author":"Kuszewski K","year":"2001","journal-title":"Przegl Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cross\u2010cultural differences in lay attitudes and utilisation of antibiotics in a Belgian and Dutch city","volume":"1590","author":"Deschepper R","year":"2002","journal-title":"Patient Educ Counc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","unstructured":"ESAC websiteat:http:\/\/www.esac.ua.ac.be. 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