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In a matching\u2010adjusted indirect comparison, individual patients from the GXR trial were weighted such that their mean baseline characteristics matched those published for ATX trials. Placebo\u2010arm outcomes were then compared to further assess balance between the matched populations. Changes in the Conners' Parent Rating Scale\u2010Revised Short Form Oppositional Subscale from baseline to endpoint among GXR\u2010treated and ATX\u2010treated patients were then compared.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Before matching, the GXR (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009143) and ATX (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200998) trial populations had significant differences in baseline characteristics and placebo\u2010arm outcomes. After matching, baseline characteristics were well balanced across trials, and placebo\u2010arm outcomes became nearly identical. Comparing active treatment arms across the matched populations, GXR was associated with a significantly greater reduction in mean Conners' Parent Rating Scale\u2010Revised Short form oppositional subscale compared with ATX {\u22125.0 [95% confidence interval (CI): \u22126.6 to \u22123.4] vs. \u22122.4 [CI: \u22123.7 to \u22121.1], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01, effect size\u2009=\u20090.58}.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the absence of head\u2010to\u2010head randomized trials, matching\u2010adjusted indirect comparisons can provide timely and reliable comparative evidence for decision makers and can be applied even when very few trials are available for the treatments of interest. Copyright \u00a9 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,3]],"date-time":"2012-05-03T05:59:44Z","timestamp":1336024784000},"page":"130-137","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Comparative effectiveness research using matching\u2010adjusted indirect comparison: an application to treatment with guanfacine extended release or atomoxetine in children with attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Signorovitch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Analysis Group, Inc.  Boston MA United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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