{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:07:05Z","timestamp":1780099625919,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,13]],"date-time":"2013-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1386892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Denver Health and Hospital Authority","award":["RAD-E-110-M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RAD-E-110-M"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Florida has been at the center of the nation's ongoing prescription opioid epidemic, with largely unregulated pain clinics and lax prescribing oversight cited as significant contributors to the opioid problem in the state.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In an effort to mitigate prescription opioid abuse and diversion in Florida, legislative interventions were implemented during 2010 and 2011, which included two primary elements: (i) comprehensive legislation to better regulate the operation of pain clinics; and (ii) a statewide prescription drug monitoring program to promote safer prescribing practices. Using systematic longitudinal data collected on a quarterly basis from law enforcement agencies across Florida, this report examined changes in prescription opioid diversion rates following implementation of these regulatory initiatives. Quarterly diversion rates for buprenorphine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, and tramadol were calculated, and subsequently, hierarchical linear models were fit to test for differences in diversion rates over the 15 quarter period of interest.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant declines in diversion rates were observed for oxycodone, methadone, and morphine; hydrocodone displayed a marginally significant decline.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study documented reductions in statewide opioid diversion rates following implementation of Florida's pain clinic and prescription drug monitoring program legislative interventions. Although these initial findings appear promising, continued surveillance of diversion is clearly warranted. Copyright \u00a9 2013 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,13]],"date-time":"2013-12-13T07:17:16Z","timestamp":1386919036000},"page":"314-320","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Reductions in prescription opioid diversion following recent legislative interventions in Florida"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Hilary L.","family":"Surratt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nova Southeastern University  Fort Lauderdale FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"O'Grady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nova Southeastern University  Fort Lauderdale FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven P.","family":"Kurtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nova Southeastern University  Fort Lauderdale FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yamilka","family":"Stivers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nova Southeastern University  Fort Lauderdale FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore J.","family":"Cicero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University  St. Louis MO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard C.","family":"Dart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Denver Health and Hospital Authority  Denver CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minxing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas  Houston TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration Office of Applied Studies.Results from the 2010 national survey on drug use and health: summary of national findings NSDUH series H\u201041 HHS publication No. (SMA) 11\u20134658. Rockville MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration;2011.http:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/NSDUH\/2k10NSDUH\/2k10Results.htm[25 February 2013]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality.The DAWN report: highlights of the 2010 drug abuse warning network (DAWN) findings on drug\u2010related emergency department visits. Rockville MD Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration;2012.http:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/2k12\/DAWN096\/SR096EDHighlights2010.htm[25 February 2013]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Opiate addiction and prescription drug abuse: a pragmatic approach","volume":"43","author":"Hasan MK","year":"2011","journal-title":"J IMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2006.00255.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2011.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/JACH.54.5.269-278"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"GilletteF.American pain: the largest US pill mill's rise and fall.Bloomberg Businessweek.2012;http:\/\/www.businessweek.com\/articles\/2012\u201006\u201006\/american\u2010pain\u2010the\u2010largest\u2010u\u2010dot\u2010s\u2010dot\u2010pill\u2010mills\u2010rise\u2010and\u2010fall[31 July 2012]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"HallJN.Drug abuse trends in Miami\u2010Dade and Broward counties South Florida2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"Florida Office of the Attorney General.Florida's prescription drug diversion and abuse roadmap\u20092012\u20132015 2012.http:\/\/myfloridalegal.com\/webfiles.nsf\/WF\/KGRG\u20108T8L5K\/$file\/PrescriptionDrugDiversionAndAbuseRoadmap.pdf [25 February 2013]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","unstructured":"Office of National Drug Control Policy.Fact sheet: prescription drug monitoring programs April2011.http:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/ondcp\/Fact_Sheets\/pdmp_fact_sheet_4\u20108\u201011.pdf[10 June 2011]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","unstructured":"MMWR drug overdose deaths\u2010\u2010\u2010 Florida 2003\u20142009July 8 2011;60(26); 869\u2013872.http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/pdf\/wk\/mm6026.pdf[10 September 2011]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002204261104100207"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09687637.2011.631197"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","unstructured":"Florida Department of Health.E\u2010FORCSE: prescription drug monitoring program 2011\u20132012 annual report 2012.http:\/\/www.eforcse.com\/docs\/2012AnnualReport.pdf[25 February 2013]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2006.00259.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","unstructured":"Drug Enforcement Administration.Florida doctors no longer among the top oxycodone purchasers in the United States. 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