{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T08:22:35Z","timestamp":1781857355092,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,19]],"date-time":"2017-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1500422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Assess angioedema risk with exposure to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) compared with beta\u2010blockers, by race\/ethnicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>New\u2010user cohorts of Medicare beneficiaries 65\u00a0years or older initiating ACEI, ARB, or beta\u2010blocker treatment from March 2007 to March 2014 were constructed. Angioedema incidence rates by drug and race\/ethnicity were computed for 1\u201030 and 31\u2010365\u00a0days of treatment. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine angioedema risk between cohorts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Angioedema incidence rates (per 1000 person years) in beta\u2010blocker users were 1.80 (whites), 4.11 (blacks), 1.89 (Asians), and 2.10 (Hispanics); in ACEI users, 4.03, 23.77, 2.94, and 4.27; and in ARB users, 1.73, 3.11, 1.10, and 1.90, respectively. Incidence rates were significantly higher in the first 30\u00a0days of exposure for all drug\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0race\/ethnic groups. Overall, angioedema risk increased among ACEI users (hazard ratio, 2.91; 95% confidence interval, 2.75\u20103.07) but not ARB users (0.93, 0.85\u20101.02) versus beta\u2010blocker users. Angioedema risk with ACEIs versus beta\u2010blockers increased more in blacks (6.28, 5.44\u20107.24) than whites (2.33, 2.19\u20102.48), Hispanics (2.04, 1.36\u20103.07), and Asians (1.48, 0.94\u20102.35). Compared with white beta\u2010blocker users, angioedema risk was increased 2.9\u2010fold in whites, 20.2\u2010fold in blacks, and 2.3\u2010fold in other race\/ethnic groups combined during the first 30\u00a0days of ACEI exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was significant effect modification of angioedema risk by race and ACEI use for blacks, but not for other race\/ethnicity groups. Angioedema risk was significantly greater in the first 30\u00a0days of exposure for all, and highest among blacks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,19]],"date-time":"2017-07-19T11:54:50Z","timestamp":1500465290000},"page":"1190-1196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Antihypertensive drug associated angioedema: effect modification by race\/ethnicity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6963-1060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marsha E.","family":"Reichman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration  Silver Spring MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wernecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acumen LLC  Burlingame CA 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