{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T12:45:26Z","timestamp":1782909926796,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,6]],"date-time":"2017-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study examined recent trends and correlates of prescription opioid use and long\u2010term use in the United States.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were from 47\u00a0356 adult participants of National Health and Nutrition Survey from 1999\u20102000 to 2013\u20102014. Participants were asked about prescription medications used in the past 30\u00a0days. Long\u2010term use of prescription opioids was defined by use for 90\u00a0days or longer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of prescription opioid use increased from 4.1% of US adults in 1999\u20102000 to 6.8% in 2013\u20102014 (odds ratio [OR]\u00a0=\u00a01.38, 95% confidence interval [CI]\u00a0=\u00a01.10\u20101.75, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.007). This trend was driven by a sharp increase in long\u2010term use which increased from 1.8% to 5.4% (OR\u00a0=\u00a02.22, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.65\u20103.00, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001). Of all opioid users in 2013\u20102014, 79.4% were long\u2010term users compared with 45.1% in 1999\u20102000. Long\u2010term use was associated with poorer physical health, concurrent benzodiazepine use, and history of heroin use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings highlight the need for research on potential benefits and harms of long\u2010term use of opioids and efforts to restrict long\u2010term use to patients for whom the benefits outweigh the risks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,7]],"date-time":"2017-09-07T03:56:43Z","timestamp":1504756603000},"page":"526-534","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["National trends in long\u2010term use of prescription opioids"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2134-4043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramin","family":"Mojtabai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000475"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2005.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1833"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1406143"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13m08349"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.520"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2008.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000557"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.04.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.05.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20191"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Drug\u2010poisoning deaths involving opioid analgesics: United States","volume":"2014","author":"Chen LH","year":"1999","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m10386"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6450a3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e318169d03b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03052.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1053"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","first-page":"1257","article-title":"Canadian guideline for safe and effective use of opioids for chronic noncancer pain: clinical summary for family physicians. 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