{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:29:50Z","timestamp":1788953390384,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,10]],"date-time":"2018-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hypomagnesaemia has been associated with various adverse outcomes. Loop and thiazide diuretics promote urinary magnesium excretion. However, it is unknown if this links to hypomagnesaemia. We study if loop or thiazide diuretic use affects serum magnesium levels and if it associates with hypomagnesaemia. In addition, we study the effect of combining a potassium\u2010sparing diuretic with a thiazide diuretic on the presence of hypomagnesaemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study performed a cross\u2010sectional analysis within 9820 participants from the prospective Rotterdam Study. Hypomagnesaemia was defined as a serum magnesium level \u22640.72\u00a0mmol\/L. Participants were categorized by defined daily dose (DDD), and all analyses were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, eGFR, serum potassium levels, proton pump inhibitor use, and comorbidities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Loop diuretic use was associated with higher serum magnesium levels (&lt;1 DDD: 0.004\u00a0mmol\/L 95% CI: \u22120.008; 0.017; 1 DDD: 0.023\u00a0mmol\/L 95% CI: 0.013; 0.032; &gt;1 DDD: 0.043\u00a0mmol\/L 95% CI: 0.028; 0.057). Thiazide diuretic use was associated with lower serum magnesium levels (&lt;1 DDD: \u22120.013\u00a0mmol\/L 95% CI: \u22120.023; \u22120.002; \u22651 DDD: \u22120.018\u00a0mmol\/L 95% CI: \u22120.028; \u22120.010), resulting in an increased odds ratio of hypomagnesaemia of 3.14 (95% CI: 1.67; 5.92) and 2.74 (95% CI: 1.57; 4.77), respectively. These effects were predominantly seen in participants using diuretics for more than 390\u00a0days. Combining thiazide diuretics with a potassium\u2010sparing agent was not associated with lower serum magnesium levels or hypomagnesaemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thiazide diuretic use is associated with lower serum magnesium levels and an increased risk of hypomagnesaemia. This increased risk is not seen in participants using a combination of thiazide diuretics with a potassium\u2010sparing agent. The use of loop diuretics is not associated with an increased risk of hypomagnesaemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,10]],"date-time":"2018-08-10T09:05:14Z","timestamp":1533891914000},"page":"1166-1173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Thiazide but not loop diuretics is associated with hypomagnesaemia in the general population"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9075-222X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brenda C.T.","family":"Kieboom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Erasmus MC\u2014University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Erasmus MC\u2014University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Inspectorate for Health Care Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Zietse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Erasmus MC\u2014University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Arfan","family":"Ikram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Erasmus MC\u2014University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewout J.","family":"Hoorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Erasmus MC\u2014University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno H.","family":"Stricker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Erasmus MC\u2014University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Erasmus MC\u2014University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Inspectorate for Health Care Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00012.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.082511"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2006-9309"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24134"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1997.141"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.2000.279.4.F616"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1991.123"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32834786d6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.100339"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfs140"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-015-0082-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9451-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.ATC\/DDD Index.http:\/\/www.whocc.no\/atc_ddd_index\/Last accessed: 08\u201303\u20102017."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia: report of WHO\/IDF consultation. 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