{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T05:54:21Z","timestamp":1761630861283,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]],"date-time":"2019-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005289","name":"National Institute of Justice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CDF\u20102011\u201004\u2010048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDF\u20102011\u201004\u2010048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009032","name":"Pfizer UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in preventing childhood pneumonia in the United Kingdom.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We carried out a population\u2010based study to assess the trend of all\u2010cause pneumonia in children aged under 10\u00a0years between 2002 and 2012. Data were obtained from the IMS Disease Analyser, a primary care database in the United Kingdom. Three time periods were defined to estimate monthly incidence: pre\u2010PCV7 (January 2002 to August 2006), post\u2010PCV7 (September 2006 to March 2010), and post\u2010PCV13 (April 2010 to December 2012). Interrupted time series analysis (ITS) was performed to assess any immediate change or gradual change in the monthly incidence of pneumonia between prevaccination and postvaccination introduction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 4228 children with at least one all\u2010cause pneumonia episode were identified. The overall annual incidence rate of all\u2010cause pneumonia declined by 37% from 3.8 episodes\/1000 person\u2010years in 2002 to 2.4 episodes\/1000 person\u2010years in 2012. Results of ITS analyses indicated that the incidence did not decline immediately after the introduction of PCV7 and PCV13. The incidence declined gradually in children aged under 2\u00a0years (IRR\u00a0=\u00a00.98; 95% CI, 0.97\u20100.99) post PCV7 and levelled off during post PCV13 (IRR\u00a0=\u00a01.00; 95% CI, 0.99\u20101.02). No significant changes in incidence trend was observed in children aged 2 to 4\u00a0years (IRR\u00a0=\u00a00.86; 95% CI, 0.68\u20101.07) and 5 to 9\u00a0years (IRR\u00a0=\u00a00.92; 95% CI, 0.73\u20101.15) after PCV13 introduction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the United Kingdom, the incidence of all\u2010cause pneumonia in children under 2\u00a0years declined after the introduction of PCV7 and levelled off in the first 2\u00a0years of introduction of PCV13. Continual monitoring is warranted to assess the population impact of PCV13 in preventing childhood pneumonia in the long term.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]],"date-time":"2019-04-17T02:16:04Z","timestamp":1555467364000},"page":"821-829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["All\u2010cause pneumonia in children after the introduction of pneumococcal vaccines in the United Kingdom: A population\u2010based study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2320-0470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wallis C.Y.","family":"Lau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department of Practice and Policy UCL School of Pharmacy  London United Kingdom"},{"name":"Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3902-5489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Bielicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group St George's University of London  London UK"},{"name":"Paediatric Pharmacology Group University of Basel Children's Hospital  Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5411-472X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Tersigni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group St George's University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3787-2083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Saxena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Imperial College London  London UK"},{"name":"Chartfield Surgery National Health Service, Putney  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8242-0014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian C.K.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department of Practice and Policy UCL School of Pharmacy  London United Kingdom"},{"name":"Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8626-8291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mike","family":"Sharland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group St George's University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7955-852X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingfen","family":"Hsia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group St George's University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"WardlawTMJ WhiteE HodgeM World Health Organization UNICEF.Pneumonia: the forgotten killer of children.http:\/\/appswhoint\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/43640\/9280640489_engpdf?sequence=1. 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