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In the case\u2010time\u2010control design, we identified children diagnosed with a congenital heart defect in the first 5 years of life (cases) and compared maternal AD use in the risk period (the first 3 months of pregnancy) and the reference period (gestational months 5\u20107). A nondiseased control group was included to adjust for time trends of exposure. In the cohort design, we identified children whose mothers redeemed at least one AD prescription in the first 3 months of pregnancy (the exposed) and two other groups including the unexposed children with maternal AD prescriptions in the 12 months before pregnancy. We applied conditional logistic regression and logistic regression to compute odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The case\u2010time\u2010control OR for any congenital heart defect was 1.03 (95% CI, 0.61\u20101.73), which was similar to the OR (1.09, 95% CI, 0.88\u20101.35) from the cohort design when we compared the exposed children with the unexposed children with maternal AD use before pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The case\u2010time\u2010control design provided results similar to the cohort design when the cohort design had a better confounder control strategy. We discussed the strengths and drawbacks of case\u2010time\u2010control design.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]],"date-time":"2019-07-30T04:59:06Z","timestamp":1564462746000},"page":"1180-1193","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Antidepressant use during pregnancy and risk of congenital heart defects: A case\u2010time\u2010control study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Yuelian","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Department of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"National Center of Register\u2010based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Business and Social Science Aarhus 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