{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T02:52:43Z","timestamp":1769914363298,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009947","name":"Merck Sharp and Dohme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009947","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Published epidemiological studies on the association between finasteride use and the risk of male breast cancer have been inconclusive due to methodological limitations including a few male breast cancer cases included. Determinants of male breast cancer have been studied, but it remains unexplored whether these are also related to finasteride use and thereby constitute potential confounders. This study aimed to assess whether there are differences between finasteride users and nonusers with regard to numerous potential confounders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 246\u2009508 finasteride users (\u226535\u2009years) were identified in the prescription registries of Denmark (1995\u20102014), Finland (1997\u20102013), and Sweden (2005\u20102014). An equal number of nonusers were sampled. The directed acyclic graph (DAG) methodology was used to identify potential confounders for the association between finasteride and male breast cancer. A logistic regression model compared finasteride users and nonusers with regard to potential confounders that were measurable in registries and population surveys.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Finasteride users had higher odds of testicular abnormalities (odds ratio [OR] 1.40; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36\u20101.44), obesity (1.31; 1.23\u20101.39), exogenous testosterone (1.61; 1.48\u20101.74), radiation exposure (1.22; 1.18\u20101.27), and diabetes (1.07; 1.04\u20101.10) and lower odds of occupational exposure in perfume industry or in high temperature environments (0.93; 0.87\u20100.99), living alone (0.89; 0.88\u20100.91), living in urban\/suburban areas (0.97; 0.95\u20100.99), and physical inactivity (0.70; 0.50\u20100.99) compared to nonusers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Systematic differences between finasteride users and nonusers were found emphasizing the importance of confounder adjustment of associations between finasteride and male breast cancer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]],"date-time":"2020-02-12T04:11:30Z","timestamp":1581480690000},"page":"453-460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characteristics of finasteride users in comparison with nonusers: A Nordic nationwide study based on individual\u2010level data from Denmark, Finland, and Sweden"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3314-6570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thora Majlund","family":"Kj\u00e6rulff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health University of Southern Denmark  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annette Kj\u00e6r","family":"Ersb\u00f8ll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health University of Southern Denmark  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eero","family":"Pukkala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Society of Finland Finnish Cancer Registry \u2013 Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences Tampere University  Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristian","family":"Bolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Economics and Department of Economics University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Open Patientdata Explorative Network (OPEN) Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark  Odense Denmark"},{"name":"Institute of Applied Economics and Health Research  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Emneus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Economics and Health Research  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Brasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Iversen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8375-5211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lau Caspar","family":"Thygesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health University of Southern Denmark  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"U.S Food and Drug Administration.Drug Approval Package: Propeciahttps:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/nda\/97\/020788_propecia_toc.cfmU.S Food and Drug Administration;2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"U.S Food and Drug Administration.Drug Approval Package: Proscarhttps:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/nda\/2003\/020180_s027_ProscarTOC.cfmU.S Food and Drug Administration;2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency(MHRA). 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