{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T14:41:59Z","timestamp":1787668919981,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,17]],"date-time":"2021-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01\u2010DA044293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01\u2010DA044293"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate chronic opioid utilization patterns during pregnancy using nationwide data from publicly and commercially insured women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pregnancy cohorts were identified using data from the Medicaid Analytic eXtract 2008\u20132014 and the IBM Health MarketScan Research Database 2008\u20132015.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Opioid dispensing was evaluated using claims from filled prescriptions. Two different definitions of chronic opioid use were employed: \u226590\u2009days' supply and \u2265180\u2009days' supply of prescription opioids during pregnancy. Patient characteristics were assessed and variations in the prevalence of chronic opioid therapy were described by geographic region and over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>1.50% of 975\u2009169 Medicaid\u2010insured and 0.32% of 1 037\u2009599 commercially insured beneficiaries filled opioid prescriptions for \u226590\u2009days' supply; 0.78% (Medicaid) and 0.17% (commercially insured) filled prescriptions for \u2265180\u2009days' supply. Prevalence approximately doubled in Medicaid beneficiaries during the study period, while it remained relatively stable for commercial insurance beneficiaries. The most commonly prescribed opioid for chronic therapy was hydrocodone, followed by oxycodone and tramadol. Indications commonly associated with chronic use were back\/neck pain, abdominal\/pelvic pain, musculoskeletal pain and migraine\/headache. Substantial regional variation was observed, with several states reporting a frequency of \u226590\u2009days' supply in excess of 3% in Medicaid\u2010insured patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite growing awareness of the risks associated with chronic opioid use and emphasis on improving opioid prescription patterns, prevalence of chronic use in pregnancy among publicly insured women nearly doubled from 2008\u20132014 and was 5\u2010fold more common when compared to commercially insured women. Findings call for the development of guidelines on chronic pain management during pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T05:58:21Z","timestamp":1610690301000},"page":"504-513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Chronic prescription opioid use in pregnancy in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2623-2726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loreen","family":"Straub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5805-8430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krista F.","family":"Huybrechts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1458-7642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Hernandez\u2010Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanmin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seanna","family":"Vine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rishi J.","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn J.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Brigham and Women's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5950-8683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian T.","family":"Bateman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1464"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-2-201001190-00006"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","article-title":"A Review of Potential Adverse Effects of Long\u2010Term Opioid Therapy: A Practitioner's Guide","volume":"14","author":"Baldini A","year":"2012","journal-title":"Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h2102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j3326"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-4131"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/RD9910355"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12400"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000208"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000172"},{"issue":"43","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"1487","article-title":"Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers\u2014United States, 1999\u20102008","volume":"60","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067405"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h1035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.197095"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.5605"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.18307"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.3644"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.1520"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3284"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.3298"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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