{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T20:09:07Z","timestamp":1788984547612,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000133","name":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R24 HS19455"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R24 HS19455"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 TR002345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR002345"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common indications for antibiotic prescriptions in otherwise healthy women. We compared the risk of treatment failure of antibiotic regimens for outpatient treatment of UTI in real\u2010world practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified non\u2010pregnant, premenopausal women diagnosed with uncomplicated, lower tract UTI and prescribed an oral antibiotic with activity against common uropathogens. We used propensity score\u2010weighted Kaplan\u2013Meier functions to estimate 30\u2010day risks and risk differences (RD) for pyelonephritis and UTI\u2010related antibiotic prescription switch.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 1\u2009140\u2009602 patients, the distribution of index prescriptions was 44% fluoroquinolones (non\u2010first\u2010line), 28% trimethoprim\u2010sulfamethoxazole (TMP\/SMX) (first\u2010line), 24% nitrofurantoin (first\u2010line), 3% narrow\u2010spectrum \u03b2\u2010lactams (non\u2010first\u2010line), 1% broad\u2010spectrum \u03b2\u2010lactams (non\u2010first\u2010line), and 1% amoxicillin\/ampicillin (non\u2010recommended). Compared to the risk of pyelonephritis for nitrofurantoin (0.3%), risks were higher for TMP\/SMX (RD, 0.2%; 95% CI, 0.2%\u20130.2%) and broad\u2010spectrum \u03b2\u2010lactams (RD, 0.2%; 95% CI, 0.1%\u20130.4%). Compared to the risk of prescription switch for nitrofurantoin (12.7%), the risk was higher for TMP\/SMX (RD 1.6%; 95% CI 1.3%\u20131.7%) but similar for broad\u2010spectrum \u03b2\u2010lactams (RD \u22120.7%; 95% CI \u22121.4%\u20100.1%) and narrow\u2010spectrum \u03b2\u2010lactams (RD \u22120.3%; 95% CI \u22120.8%\u20130.2%). Subgroup analyses suggest TMP\/SMX treatment failure may be due in part to increasing uropathogen resistance over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The risk of treatment failure differed by antibiotic agent, with higher risk associated with TMP\/SMX versus nitrofurantoin, and lower or similar risk associated with broad\u2010 versus narrow\u2010spectrum \u03b2\u2010lactams. Given serious safety warnings for fluoroquinolones, these results suggest that nitrofurantoin may be preferable as the first\u2010line agent for outpatient treatment of uncomplicated UTI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T11:16:30Z","timestamp":1617102990000},"page":"1360-1370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Risk of antibiotic treatment failure in premenopausal women with uncomplicated urinary tract infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7307-6864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne M.","family":"Butler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis Missouri USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Public Health Sciences Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Durkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7993-1075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1742-2026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinjiao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8000-1385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikas R.","family":"Dharnidharka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7808-3086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William G.","family":"Powderly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7070-9320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret A.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis Missouri USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Public Health Sciences Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2013.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c2096"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:82532"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.16201"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/591126"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2008.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-018-4430-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States; 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq257"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.12842"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration.FDA drug safety communication: fluoroquinolone antibiotics.https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/Drugs\/DrugSafety\/UCM513019.pdf. 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