{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T02:03:51Z","timestamp":1778637831884,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent evidence has established a beneficial effect of systemic corticosteroids for treatment of moderate\u2010to\u2010severe COVID\u201019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine if inhaled corticosteroid use is associated with COVID\u201019 outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In a nationwide cohort of hospitalized SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 test\u2010positive individuals in Denmark, we estimated the 30\u2010day hazard ratio of intensive care unit (ICU) admission or death among users of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) compared with users of bronchodilators (\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2010agonist\/muscarinic\u2010antagonists), and non\u2010users of ICS overall, with Cox regression adjusted for age, sex, and other confounders. We repeated these analyses among influenza test\u2010positive patients during 2010\u20132018.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 6267 hospitalized SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 patients, 614 (9.8%) were admitted to ICU and 677 (10.8%) died within 30\u2009days. ICS use was associated with a hazard ratio of 1.09 (95% CI [CI], 0.67 to 1.79) for ICU admission and 0.78 (95% CI, 0.56 to 1.11) for death compared with bronchodilator use. Compared with no ICS use overall, the hazard ratio of ICU admission or death was 1.17 (95% CI, 0.87\u20131.59) and 1.02 (95% CI, 0.78\u20131.32), respectively. Among 10\u2009279 hospitalized influenza patients, of which 951 (9.2%) were admitted to ICU and 1275 (12.4%) died, the hazard ratios were 1.43 (95% CI, 0.89\u20132.30) and 1.11 (95% CI, 0.85\u20131.46) for ICU admission, and 0.80 (95% CI, 0.63\u20131.01) and 1.03 (95% CI, 0.87\u20131.22) for death compared with bronchodilator use and no ICS use overall, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results do not support an effect of inhaled corticosteroid use on COVID\u201019 outcomes, however we can only rule out moderate\u2010to\u2010large reduced or increased risks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was pre\u2010registered at encepp.eu (EUPAS35897).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,14]],"date-time":"2021-08-14T06:06:50Z","timestamp":1628921210000},"page":"1486-1492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Association between inhaled corticosteroid use and\n                    <scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    \u201019 outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7634-8455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders","family":"Husby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Research Statens Serum Institut  Copenhagen S Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9314-5679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton","family":"Potteg\u00e5rd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Public Health University of Southern Denmark  Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7509-9127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders","family":"Hviid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Research Statens Serum Institut  Copenhagen S Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen \u00d8 Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007764"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.16761"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.17021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.17022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.17023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2004500"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30415-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202003-0821OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00819-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.105941"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2521-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-2137"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","first-page":"441","article-title":"The Danish civil registration system. 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