{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T08:18:23Z","timestamp":1788941903723,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine trends in off\u2010label antipsychotic use for youth with attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder with and without a comorbid disruptive behavior disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional study of annual trends from 2007 through 2015 used the IQVIA PharMetrics\u00ae Plus for Academics data. We identified 165\u2009794 commercially\u2010insured youth 3\u201318\u2010year\u2010old who had a diagnosis of attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and classified them into subgroups with and without disruptive behavior disorders comorbidities. Antipsychotic use, with or without a stimulant, was the primary dependent outcome. Logistic regression estimated the odds of antipsychotic use associated with comorbid attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and disruptive behavior disorders, adjusting for age, sex, study year, and other psychotropic use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over 70% of the 165\u2009794 youth with attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder were 5\u201314\u2010year\u2010old and male, and 12% had disruptive behavior disorders. Antipsychotic prevalence, with or without a stimulant, was 4.4% in 2007 and 3.4% in 2015. Stimulants with antipsychotics increased significantly from 2007 to 2015 for females (19.5%\u201328.7%) and youth 15\u201318\u2010year\u2010old (25.9%\u201332.7%). Adjusting for age, sex, study year, and other psychotropic use, youth with a comorbid disruptive behavior had a 2.5 (95% CI: 2.3, 2.7) higher likelihood of receiving an antipsychotic than youth with attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and no comorbidities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antipsychotic use was associated with comorbid disruptive behaviors in youth with attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Off\u2010label antipsychotic use has increased for females and older adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T23:50:11Z","timestamp":1651189811000},"page":"810-814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Trends in antipsychotic use for youth with attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and disruptive behavior disorders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2210-6650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"dosReis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, School of Pharmacy University of Maryland  Baltimore Maryland 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School of Pharmacy University of Maryland  Baltimore Maryland 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