{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T21:28:01Z","timestamp":1789594081388,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,20]],"date-time":"2022-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the longitudinal effect of using and discontinuing central nervous system (CNS) medications on cognitive performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using longitudinal cognitive data from population representative adults aged 25\u2013100\u2009years (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a02188) from four test waves 5\u2009years apart, we investigated both the link between use of CNS medications (opioids, anxiolytics, hypnotics and sedatives) on cognitive task performance (episodic memory, semantic memory, visuospatial ability) across 15\u2009years, and the effect of discontinuing these medications in linear mixed effects models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that opioid use was associated with decline in visuospatial ability whereas using anxiolytics, hypnotics and sedatives was not associated with cognitive decline over 15\u2009years. A link between drug discontinuation and cognitive improvement was seen for opioids as well as for anxiolytics, hypnotics and sedatives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although our results may be confounded by subjacent conditions, they suggest that long\u2010term use of CNS medications may have domain\u2010specific negative effects on cognitive performance over time, whereas the discontinuation of these medications may partly reverse these effects. These results open up for future studies that address subjacent conditions on cognition to develop a more complete understanding of the cognitive effects of CNS medications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T21:44:00Z","timestamp":1668116640000},"page":"446-454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Longitudinal effects of using and discontinuing central nervous system medications on cognitive functioning"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Elise","family":"Koch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Medical Biology Ume\u00e5 University  Sweden"},{"name":"NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital  Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Johnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Kauppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Medical Biology Ume\u00e5 University  Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm 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