{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T08:39:51Z","timestamp":1771663191991,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000133","name":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>Opioids, benzodiazepines and sedatives can manage dental pain, fear and anxiety but have a narrow margin of safety in children. General dentists may inappropriately prescribe gabapentin and stimulants. National evidence on dispensing rates of these high\u2010alert medicines by dentists to children is limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>We utilize join\u2010point regression to identify changes in fills for opioids, sedatives, benzodiazepines, gabapentin, and stimulants to children <18\u2009years from 2012 to 2019 in a national dataset comprising 92% of dispensed outpatient prescriptions by dentists.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>From 2012 to 2019, 3.8 million children filled prescriptions for high\u2010alert drugs from general dentists. National quarterly dispensing of high\u2010alert drugs decreased 63.1%, from 10456.0 to 3858.8\u2009days per million. Opioids accounted for 69.4% of high\u2010alert prescriptions. From 2012 to 2019, fills for opioids, sedatives, benzodiazepines, and stimulants decreased by 65.2% (7651.8 to 2662.7), 43.4% (810.9 to 458.7), 43.6% (785.7 to 442.7) and 89.3% (825.6 to 88.6\u2009days per million), respectively. Gabapentin increased 8.1% (121.8 to 131.7\u2009days per million). A significant decrease in high\u2010alert fills occurred in 2016, (\u22126.0% per quarter vs. \u20101.6% pre\u20102016, P\u2010value<0.001), especially for opioids (\u22127.0% vs. \u20101.2%, P\u2010value<0.001). Older teenagers (15\u201317\u2009years) received 42.5% of high\u2010alert prescriptions. Low\u2010income counties in the South were overrepresented among top\u2010prescribing areas in 2019.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>We found promising national decreases in fills for high\u2010alert medicines to children by general dentists from 2012 to 2019. However, older teenagers and children in some counties continued to receive dental opioids at high rates. Future efforts should address non\u2010evidence\u2010based pain management in these groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T11:34:03Z","timestamp":1672140843000},"page":"625-634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Trends in dispensed prescriptions for opioids, sedatives, benzodiazepines, gabapentin, and stimulants to children by general dentists, 2012\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2924-6165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Callaway Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine Division of General Internal Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6042-4866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tumader","family":"Khouja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine Division of General Internal Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5677-6295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline M.","family":"Burgette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Dental Public Health and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0696-8288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlesnika T.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventative Medicine and Center for Health Services and Outcomes Research Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare Edward Hines, Jr VA Hospital Hines Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7744-3518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory S.","family":"Calip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Systems, Outcomes and Policy University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6992-5197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walid F.","family":"Gellad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine Division of General Internal Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Center of Health Equity Research and Promotion VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8977-1850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie J.","family":"Suda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine Division of General Internal Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Center of Health Equity Research and Promotion VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12210"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017\u20102370"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1983.0225"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","first-page":"231","article-title":"Adverse events during pediatric dental anesthesia and sedation: a review of closed malpractice insurance claims","volume":"34","author":"Chicka MC","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.9023"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.5419"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","article-title":"Guidelines for monitoring and management of pediatric patients before, during, and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures","volume":"41","author":"Cot\u00e9 CJ","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","first-page":"321","article-title":"Behavior guidance for the pediatric dental patient","author":"American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am Acad Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","unstructured":"Institute for safe medication practices.High\u2010alert medications in community\/ambulatory care settings. 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