{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T21:23:06Z","timestamp":1773350586292,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014232","name":"Helsedirektoratet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014232","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["320360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["320360"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021078","name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021078","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Opioid analgesics (OA) and other pharmaceuticals have been associated with drug\u2010induced deaths. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding patterns of use of these pharmaceuticals in the population and regarding such associations. We identify and describe subgroups of people with different patterns of filled prescriptions of OA and other relevant pharmaceuticals and examine associations with drug\u2010induced deaths. In addition, we estimate the proportion of drug\u2010induced deaths with a filled OA prescription and OA as cause of death.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A Norwegian population\u2010based nested case\u2010control register study with cases (drug\u2010induced deaths 2010\u20132018, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092388) and population controls matched for age, gender and year of inclusion (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200921\u2009465). Patterns of filled prescriptions for opioid analgesics (OA), benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine\u2010related drugs, gabapentinoids, ADHD medication and antidepressants\/antipsychotics were explored by k\u2010means cluster analysis. Associations with drug\u2010induced deaths were estimated by conditional logistic regression adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics. Overlap of filled OA prescriptions and OA as cause of death was estimated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Five clusters were identified: \u2018few prescriptions\u2019, \u2018weak OA\u2019, \u2018ADHD medication\u2019, \u2018sedative\/psychiatric morbidity\u2019 and \u2018strong OA\u2019. The \u2018strong OA\u2019 cluster had higher socioeconomic status compared to the other groupings. The risk of drug\u2010induced death was also highest in this cluster (OR\u2009=\u200935.5; CI 25.6\u201349.3) and, for 68% (CI 64\u201373) of cases, filled prescriptions for OA was indicated as the underlying cause of death.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cluster analysis identified a subgroup with filled prescriptions of OA and other pharmaceuticals and a higher socioeconomic status than other subgroups. This subgroup had a high risk of drug\u2010induced death that needs to be addressed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T09:41:11Z","timestamp":1707990071000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Patterns of filled prescriptions and the association with risk of drug\u2010induced death. 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Addiction Research (SERAF) University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0829-2020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linn","family":"Gjersing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Alcohol, Tobacco and Drugs Norwegian Institute of Public Health  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States, 1999\u20132020","author":"Hedegaard H","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Provisional Death Counts and Excess Mortality, January 2020 to October 2022","author":"Statistics Canada","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"Trends in Drug Induced Deaths in Australia, 1997\u20102019","author":"Chrzanowska A","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"Deaths Related to Drug 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