{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T10:04:54Z","timestamp":1753869894492,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 DK007740"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 DK007740"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01 AA029545","U24 AA020794"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 AA029545","U24 AA020794"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 CA206465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA206465"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The absence of validated methods to identify cholangiocarcinoma in real\u2010world data has prevented the conduct of pharmacoepidemiologic studies to evaluate determinants of this malignancy and examine the effectiveness of cholangiocarcinoma treatments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the accuracy of International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, Third Edition (ICD\u2010O\u20103)\u2010based algorithms to identify cholangiocarcinoma and its subtype (intrahepatic or extrahepatic) within US Veterans Health Administration (VA) data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified patients with cholangiocarcinoma ICD\u2010O\u20103 diagnosis codes from January 2000\u2013December 2019 in VA data. We developed eight algorithms utilizing ICD\u2010O\u20103 histology codes for cholangiocarcinoma and further used ICD\u2010O\u20103 topography codes for location (liver, intrahepatic bile duct, extrahepatic bile duct) plus maximum total bilirubin (\u2265\u20093\u2009mg\/dL vs. &lt;\u20093\u2009mg\/dL) within \u00b1\u200945\u2009days of diagnosis to identify cholangiocarcinoma subtype. Up to 80 patients were randomly selected for each algorithm, and their records were reviewed by two hepatologists. The positive predictive values (PPV) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each algorithm were estimated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 2934 unique patients who met inclusion criteria, 574 were randomly selected for validation. All eight algorithms had high PPV for definite or probable cholangiocarcinoma, ranging from 83.8% (95% CI, 73.8%\u201391.1%) to 100.0% (95% CI, 95.5%\u2013100.0%). Among three algorithms to identify intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, two had PPV \u2265\u200980% (range: 88.8% [95% CI, 79.7%\u201394.7%]\u201091.3% [95% CI, 82.8%\u201396.4%]). Among five algorithms to identify extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, four had PPV \u2265\u200980% (range: 80.0% [95% CI, 69.6%\u201388.1%]\u201094.0% [83.5%\u201398.7%]).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These algorithms can be used in future pharmacoepidemiologic studies to evaluate medications associated with intrahepatic or extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.70154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T23:42:58Z","timestamp":1746574978000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Validity of Diagnostic Codes and Laboratory Tests to Identify Cholangiocarcinoma and Its Subtypes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8794-9304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole D.","family":"Ferrante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Center for Real\u2010World Effectiveness and Safety of Therapeutics, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca A.","family":"Hubbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Real\u2010World Effectiveness and Safety of Therapeutics, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelley","family":"Weinfurtner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anya I.","family":"Mezina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig W.","family":"Newcomb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Real\u2010World Effectiveness and Safety of Therapeutics, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma E.","family":"Furth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debika","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Basile","family":"Njei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Medicine Yale Center for Clinical Investigation  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamar H.","family":"Taddei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Connecticut Health System  West Haven Connecticut USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Yale University School of Medicine  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Singal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases UT Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maarouf A.","family":"Hoteit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lesley S.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Connecticut Health System  West Haven Connecticut USA"},{"name":"Stanford Department of Epidemiology and Population Health Stanford University School of Medicine  Palo Alto California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7955-0600","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"III","given":"Vincent","family":"Lo Re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Real\u2010World Effectiveness and Safety of Therapeutics, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2015.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.path.2018.02.005"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"201","article-title":"Histological Classification of Liver and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Cancers in SEER Registries","volume":"38","author":"Altekruse S. F.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Registry Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","article-title":"Incidence of Cholangiocarcinoma in the USA From 2001 to 2015: A US Cancer Statistics Analysis of 50 States","volume":"11","author":"Patel N.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32803"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyac150"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2003.11.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620\u2010014\u20103276\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2015-0446"},{"volume-title":"International Classification of Diseases for Oncology","year":"2025","author":"Fritz A.","key":"e_1_2_8_11_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","unstructured":"US Department of Veterans Affairs \u201cCorporate Data Warehouse \u201daccessed January 20 2025 https:\/\/www.hsrd.research.va.gov\/for_researchers\/vinci\/cdw.cfm."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NAQ.0000000000000118"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7205\/milmed\u2010d\u201011\u201000434"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","article-title":"Cancer Incidence in HIV\u2010Infected Versus Uninfected Veterans: Comparison of Cancer Registry and ICD\u20109 Code Diagnoses","volume":"5","author":"Park L. S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M16\u20102094"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","unstructured":"National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) \u201cNCCN Guidelines: Biliary Tract Cancers \u201daccessed December 18 2024 https:\/\/www.nccn.org\/guidelines\/guidelines\u2010detail?category=1&id=1517."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13975"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djj234"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.09.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.09.002"}],"container-title":["Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pds.70154","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T04:41:12Z","timestamp":1748493672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pds.70154"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/pds.70154"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pds.70154","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1053-8569","1099-1557"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1053-8569"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1099-1557"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70154"}}