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This study aims to identify the algorithms used to define NDO in studies using electronic healthcare data through a systematic literature review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A search strategy was developed to identify studies on NDO that describe phenotype algorithms from January 1, 2010, to March 10, 2025. The search strategy included terms to identify studies containing algorithms for NDO as an outcome, routinely collected healthcare data, epidemiologic designs likely to incorporate algorithms, and pregnant individuals and\/or infants\/children. Two independent reviewers assessed eligibility criteria and performed data extraction, with inconsistencies reviewed by a third reviewer. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize categorical and continuous variables appropriately.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The review included 156 publications that implemented algorithms for NDO, with 18 of these studies validating the outcomes. Most publications studied autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009103, 65.6%) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200972, 45.9%) either as a single outcome or as a composite.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Instead of presenting NDO as a composite outcome, it is recommended to present multiple single outcomes. Validated outcomes in data from Nordic countries demonstrate a high positive predictive value when using one code for diagnoses, while more complex algorithms are required for US data. Clearly detailing and establishing the time of assessment for each NDO is critical to inform valid epidemiological estimates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.70196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T22:24:17Z","timestamp":1758234257000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Systematic Review of Algorithms for Identifying Pediatric Neurodevelopmental Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7504-3441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Lopez\u2010Leon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantitative Safety &amp; Epidemiology, Novartis Pharmaceuticals  East Hanover New Jersey USA"},{"name":"Rutgers Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Rutgers University  New Brunswick New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4803-7895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuerong","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Outcomes Research, Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy University of Rhode Island  Kingston Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sneha","family":"Gaitonde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Rutgers University  New Brunswick New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Sofia","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eli Lilly Nederland BV  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Colas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Benefit Risk, Global R&amp;D, Sanofi  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael L.","family":"DiSantostefano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Janssen Research &amp; Development LLC  Titusville New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2606-776X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie\u2010Laure","family":"K\u00fcrzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Benefit Risk, Global R&amp;D, Sanofi  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6616-6685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryline","family":"Le Noan\u2010Lain\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eli Lilly and Company  Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1483-5020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera Ruth","family":"Mitter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Applied Research and Development, Division of Midwifery, Department of Health Professions Bern University of Applied Sciences  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gayle","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Janssen Research &amp; Development LLC  Titusville New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meritxell","family":"Sabid\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Merck Healthcare KGaA  Darmstadt Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Scotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Myers Squibb  Princeton New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2236-7714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie H.","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Janssen Research &amp; Development LLC  Titusville New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca L.","family":"Bromley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience University of Manchester  Manchester UK"},{"name":"Royal Manchester Children's Hospital Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Sarayani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Janssen Research &amp; Development LLC  Titusville New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u201cDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 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