{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T04:23:46Z","timestamp":1764563026746,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the incidence of substance use disorders (SUDs) after long\u2010term prescription opioid use (LTOU) and to identify socioeconomic and clinical risk factors associated with SUD among individuals with LTOU.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cohort study using linked nationwide registers (2011\u20132019). We identified 114\u2009916 individuals who used opioids for more than 3\u2009months (LTOU) without previous LTOU or SUD diagnosis. Outcomes were any incident SUD diagnosed in primary or secondary care (ICPC\u20102: P15\u2010P16, P18\u2010P19; ICD\u201010: F10\u2010F16, F18\u2010F19) and opioid use\u2010related disorders (OUD) diagnosed in secondary care (ICD\u201010: F11). We calculated age\u2010 and sex\u2010stratified incidence rates (IR), incidence rate ratios (IRR) and age\u2010standardized incidence rates (ASIR). Adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 5.3% (6069\/114916) were diagnosed with SUD (ASIR\u2009=\u200928.7 per 1000 person\u2010years), and males had higher IRs compared to females (IRR). Males had higher risk of SUD in both the younger (aHR\u2009=\u20091.59, 95% CI 1.47\u20131.72) and older (1.66, 1.54\u20131.78) age group. Low education (1.87, 1.66\u20132.11) and unemployment (1.26, 1.15\u20131.38) had the strongest association with SUD in the younger age group versus low income (1.37, 1.21\u20131.57) and living alone (1.53, 1.41\u20131.65) in the older age group. Previously diagnosed mental disorders and use of benzodiazepines\u2010 or benzodiazepine\u2010related drugs (BZDRs) were associated with SUD in both age groups (1.85, 1.71\u20132.01; 2.37, 2.18\u20132.57). Being male and having used BZDRs were the covariates strongest associated with OUD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Being male, young, having low socioeconomic status, previous mental disorders or BZDR use were associated with SUD diagnosis among individuals with LTOU.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.70212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T06:10:46Z","timestamp":1756188646000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Incidence of and Determinants for Substance Use Disorders Among Individuals With Long\u2010Term Prescription Opioid Use: A Population\u2010Based Cohort 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Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vidar","family":"Hjellvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chronic Diseases, Division of Public Health and Prevention The Norwegian Institute of Public Health  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Skurtveit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF), Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Chronic Diseases, Division of Public Health and Prevention The Norwegian Institute of Public Health  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingvild","family":"Odsbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF), Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Chronic Diseases, Division of Public Health and 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