{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:54:19Z","timestamp":1791910459873,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]],"date-time":"2025-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study assessed serious clinical outcomes comparing glucagon\u2010like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP\u20101\u2010RAs) with sodium glucose co\u2010transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2\u2010Is) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and patients without diabetes using two chronic weight management (CWM) regimens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a new user, active comparator cohort study in a large, national U.S. claims database. Adults who initiated GLP\u20101\u2010RAs, SGLT2\u2010Is, naltrexone\/bupropion (NalBup), or phentermine\/topiramate (PhenTop) from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2023 were included. Potential confounding was controlled using propensity score weighting for 82 clinical and demographic covariates, and risk ratios (RRs) were estimated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study included 330,684 GLP\u20101\u2010RA users and 264,277 SGLT2\u2010I users with T2DM. Among CWM patients without diabetes, we studied over 25,000 GLP\u20101\u2010RA users, 5019 NalBup users, and 3841 PhenTop users. In both indications, GLP\u20101\u2010RA users had higher rates of hospitalizations for gallbladder and biliary diseases with RRs ranging from 1.14 (95% CI: 1.06\u20131.22) in T2DM patients to 3.32 (95% CI: 1.44\u20137.64) in CWM patients. No reduction in the rate of cardiovascular events was observed for GLP\u20101\u2010RA users with RRs ranging from 0.92 (95% CI: 0.37\u20132.25) in CWM patients to 1.03 (95% CI: 0.99\u20131.08) in T2DM patients. In T2DM patients, GLP\u20101\u2010RA users had a lower rate of acute liver injury (RR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.64\u20130.91).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study corroborates an increased risk of hospitalization for gall bladder and biliary conditions among users of GLP\u20101\u2010RAs and found similar rates as comparators of MI or stroke when GLP\u20101\u2010RAs were used for T2DM or CWM. This real\u2010world study complements placebo\u2010controlled trials and can further inform prescribing decisions.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Protocol Registration:<\/jats:bold>\n                      The study protocol was pre\u2010registered at the Center for Open Science's Real\u2010World Evidence Registry and is publicly accessible online (\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/PSY74\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/PSY74<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.70214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:50:07Z","timestamp":1757897407000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparative Safety of Glucagon\u2010Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists (\n                    <scp>GLP<\/scp>\n                    \u20101\u2010\n                    <scp>RAs<\/scp>\n                    ) in Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Weight Management: A Real\u2010World Data Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5629-160X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah Ruth","family":"Hurwitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carelon Research  Wilmington Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Lanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carelon Research  Wilmington Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracey","family":"Quimbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carelon Research  Wilmington Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anahit","family":"Papazian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carelon Research  Wilmington Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CarelonRx  Morristown New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicki","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CarelonRx  Morristown New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Cziraky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carelon Research  Wilmington Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Crowley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University Medical Center  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent J.","family":"Willey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carelon Research  Wilmington Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration \u201cByetta (Exenatide) Injection Approval \u201d(2005) https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/nda\/2005\/021773_byettatoc.cfm.","DOI":"10.3833\/pdr.v2005i62.647"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-S009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2023.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"K.NiakanandB.Schock \u201cGLP\u20101 Agonists in Medicaid: Utilization Growth and Management \u201d(2024) https:\/\/www.milliman.com\/\u2010\/media\/milliman\/pdfs\/2024\u2010articles\/1\u201018\u201024_glp1\u2010agonists\u2010in\u2010medicaid\u2010utilization\u2010growth\u2010and\u2010management.ashx."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japh.2023.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration \u201cFDA Approves Weight Management Drug for Patients Aged 12 and Older \u201d(2020) https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/news\u2010events\u2010human\u2010drugs\/fda\u2010approves\u2010weight\u2010management\u2010drug\u2010patients\u2010aged\u201012\u2010and\u2010older."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration \u201cFDA Approves New Drug Treatment for Chronic Weight Management First Since 2014 \u201dhttps:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news\u2010events\/press\u2010announcements\/fda\u2010approves\u2010new\u2010drug\u2010treatment\u2010chronic\u2010weight\u2010management\u2010first\u20102014. 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