{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T03:52:08Z","timestamp":1781495528369,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Research using real\u2010world databases (RWD) often requires the development of computable phenotypes based on clinical reasoning\u2010based algorithms or prediction models with validation through a reference standard such as chart review. While there are studies reporting different phenotypes for key prostate cancer (PC) disease or outcomes, these have not been summarized systematically.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To conduct a systematic review (SR) to summarize validation statistics on PC\u2010specific phenotypes, including metastasis, biochemical recurrence (BCR), castration\u2010resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), hormone\u2010sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC), progression\u2010free survival, and performance status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a SR in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analysis of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies guidelines. We systematically searched PubMed\/Medline and EMBASE for studies reporting algorithms and prediction models for PC phenotypes based on structured RWD published between 2012 and 2024. A summary of algorithms and prediction models, along with their respective estimates of diagnostic accuracy compared to reference standards and\/or measures of uncertainty, was provided. An area under the curve (AUC) &gt;\u20090.7 was considered an acceptable phenotype.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Out of 7427 retrieved citations, 29 unique retrospective studies (31 citations) were included. Both claims\u2010based codes and prediction model\u2010based classification for any metastasis and bone metastases had an acceptable performance with high AUC (0.88 and &gt;\u20090.7, respectively) and high specificity (above 90%) with a few having moderate sensitivity (60% to 100%). The prediction model\u2010based BCR classification had acceptable performance (AUC &gt;\u20090.7); however, claims\u2010based BCR had moderate performance statistics with sensitivity in the range of 3%\u201319% and specificity in the range of 83%\u201398%. One claims\u2010based algorithm for metastatic CRPC had high sensitivity (77%) and specificity (100%). Studies for mHSPC were based on clinical reasoning without assessing their diagnostic accuracy. Claims\u2010based algorithms for performance status had at least 75% sensitivity and relatively high specificity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our SR highlights the acceptable accuracy of computable phenotypes for PC, including (bone) metastasis, BCR, and performance status within RWD. Further validation studies are needed for RWD\u2010based phenotypes to account for changes in therapeutic options in PC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.70236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:19:08Z","timestamp":1760573948000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostic Performance of Prostate Cancer Disease\u2010Specific Phenotypes Identified Using Real\u2010World Databases: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2660-2494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ami","family":"Vyas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Research University of Rhode Island  Kingston Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shweta","family":"Kamat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Research University of Rhode Island  Kingston Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadie","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Research University of Rhode Island  Kingston Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connor","family":"Gambino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Research University of Rhode Island  Kingston Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Britny R.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Research University of Rhode Island  Kingston Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit D.","family":"Raval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals  Whippany New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Cancer Facts & Figures\u00a02025","author":"American Cancer Society","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"World Cancer Research Fund International \u201cWorldwide Cancer Data \u201daccessed February 18 2025 https:\/\/www.wcrf.org\/cancer\u2010trends\/worldwide\u2010cancer\u2010data\/."},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"798","article-title":"Localized Prostate Cancer: Treatment Options","volume":"97","author":"Brawley S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Family 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