{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T04:02:42Z","timestamp":1784520162537,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2244485\/Z\/21\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2244485\/Z\/21\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/N013638\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N013638\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study extends a version of the high\u2010dimensional propensity score (HDPS) recently modified for the UK electronic health record setting, by enriching primary care data with hospital data. The performance of this modified approach is assessed via the estimation of a well\u2010established association, the reduced risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) in cyclo\u2010oxygenase\u20102 inhibitor (COX\u20102i) users versus non\u2010steroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drug (NSAID) users.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted an active\u2010comparator, new\u2010user cohort study using UK primary care data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD database, with linkages to hospitalisation and mortality records. We included individuals with osteoarthritis initiating NSAIDs or COX\u20102is between 2000\u20132004. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) for UGIB, adjusting for confounders using investigator\u2010specified and HDPS\u2010derived propensity scores. Sensitivity analyses were conducted varying the number of HDPS covariates included and the covariate assessment period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 74\u2009443 and 25\u2009742 new users of NSAID and COX\u20102i users, respectively. The unadjusted HR for UGIB comparing COX\u20102i and NSAID users was 1.28 (95% CI: 0.95\u20131.72). Of the included HDPS covariates, 26% originated from the hospitalisation dimension, a source not considered in previous applications indicating the considerable information contained in these data on proxies of potential confounders. The modified\u2010HDPS obtained similar results to the other studies, shifting the HR closer to the expected association (HR 0.86; 95% CI: 0.58\u20131.26).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We demonstrate the ability of the modified\u2010HDPS to obtain similar results to comparable pharmacoepidemiological studies and randomised trials, highlighting the potential benefit of these approaches in UK EHRs more widely and the value of adding hospital data to enrich the pool of covariates available for the HDPS algorithm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.70319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T07:15:36Z","timestamp":1767856536000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of a Modified High\u2010Dimensional Propensity Score Approach for\n                    <scp>UK<\/scp>\n                    Electronic Health Record Data: Evaluating Upper Gastrointestinal Safety of\n                    <scp>NSAIDs<\/scp>\n                    and\n                    <scp>COX<\/scp>\n                    \u20102 Inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7194-2615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Tazare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3769-9535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Gibbons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Real\u2010World Data Measurement &amp; Analytics, GSK  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liam","family":"Smeeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Sanni","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain A.","family":"Gillespie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSK  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Cunnington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analysis Group Inc.  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Logie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSK  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian J.","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5121"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2013.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1711.00083"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000787"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw314"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S166545"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026054201640"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200011233432103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.10.1247"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102125.2000.00229.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.9.1265"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228\u2010012\u20101334\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12716"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv098"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.70048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280210394483"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/09\u2010STS313"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780141510"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.8503"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.110977"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.2024.2368794"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5566"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5412"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a663cc"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.2152"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4060"}],"container-title":["Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pds.70319","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/pds.70319","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pds.70319","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T03:24:05Z","timestamp":1784517845000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pds.70319"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/pds.70319"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pds.70319","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1053-8569","1099-1557"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1053-8569","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1557","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70319"}}